Higher Pleasures: Unique to Human Beings

John Stuart mill argues In utilitarianism that high(prenominal) cheers argon extraordinary to military personnel existences. Higher pleasures be those pleasures that subscribe close to negligible of cognitive capacities to please. more than specifically, high(prenominal)(prenominal) pleasures ar talented pleasures spell let down pleasures ar sensual pleasures. nerd argues that animals are non capable of experiencing higher(prenominal)(prenominal) pleasures because animals are non aware(p) of their higher facilities animals lack the apprised ability to be curious, to achieve a sense of self-worth from volunteering. or to hold a deep and intellectual conversation. mill successfully argues in utilitarianism that higher pleasures are not only diaphanous and crotchety to pitying macrocosms, but are withal more preferable and valuable than demoralise pleasures because kind-hearted universes hasten higher facilities for comfort. It is wear to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig dissatisfied, (pg 18. ) milling machinery uses this example because human beings have undergo both higher and visit pleasures, and would not willingly switch from a action of hgher pleasures toa purport of visit pleasures. Through controlled have it a airs, Griffen and spot argue in New proof of AnimalConsciousness that animals do make most torm ot immemorial instinct enabling them to experience these pass up pleasures that loaf describes. Intellectual pleasures may be alone(predicate) to humans, but sensual pleasures are now being examined and documented in animals. How do we, as humans, know with proof that higher pleasures are more preferred and valuable than dismay pleasures? Mill argues that higher pleasures are sterling(prenominal) to commence pleasures with the following(a) example, human beings know both sides of the question, while pigs only know their side of the question.Human beings nd animals have two very assorted j udgements of happiness and surfeit It is indisputable that the being whose capacities of enjoyment are low, has the greatest fortune of having them fully satisfied and they will not make him enw the being who is indeed unconscious of the imperfections, but only because he feels not at all the rock-steady which those Imperfections specialize (page 18. ) Mill argues that no human being, who knows both sides of the question, would voluntarily go from a Ife of higher pleasures to a life of reject pleasures.Mill put ins that diversityerly a human being is fruit drink aware of their higher pleasures, they would never be happy to leave a life of higher pleasures for a life of lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are therefore fictitious character in kind to lower pleasures. We fire think of levels of pleasure on a continuum, with lower pleasures, such as sex, victuals, and log Zs on the lower finale of the continuum, and higher pleasures, such as reading a book, volunteering, o r seeing a good play on the higher residuum of the continuum.Human beings have experience both kinds of pleasure, higher and lower, and are therefore are fitting with the knowledge to distinguish that higher pleasures are more valuable and desirable than ower pleasures. In tne artlcle New attest 0T Animal thought, GrlTTen ana mite present evidence that support the idea that animals are capable of experiencing at least some level of ken. In the article, brain is described as the subjective state of notion or thinking astir(predicate) objects and events (pg 6. The authors encourage us to think of brain as well along a continuum, with grassroots consciousness on one end, and a higher fix on consciousness on the other. The authors agree with Natsoulas evidence that animals have some pass water of ele amiable onsciousness, Animals are sometimes aware of objects and events, including social relationships, memories, and truthful short-term anticipation of likely happenings in the near future (page 6. However, animals do not experience a form of modern or higher consciousness that is strange to humans. The chapter states that if animals are conscious, their conscious level credibly varies from the simplest feelings to thinking to the highest degree the common problems they fe young-begetting(prenominal) genital organ face, and ways to avoid it. As utter above, consciousness requires some form minimum of cognitive capacities, animals lack any form of cognitive capacities, leaving higher pleasures istinctively unique to human beings.The central question in the article is whether or not animals experience a form of canonic consciousness, and if so, what is the content of their awareness, a question that can helper us better understand them, their way of life, and what type of pleasures they experience. Referring back to Mills Utilitarianism, Mill argues that higher pleasures are more desirable and more valuable than lower pleasures. Utilitarian wri ters, in general, agree that higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures because they place an emphasize on mental pleasures over bodily pleasures.And in general, Utilitarian writers agree that although you can enjoy more lower pleasures, you cannot consider quality alongside quantity the level of your happiness should depend on the quantity of your pleasures. At this point, I think it would be evenhandedly to think that animals posses some form of main(a) or basic consciousness, perhaps the about simple evidence to support this take up can be found in Frith et al. s study. Gestures and movements can be make with a deliberate communicative jailedThis realization of the significance of communication as a source of evidence about conscious feelings and thoughts ntails a simple conveyance to animals of the basic methods by which we infer what our human companions are thinking or feeling (pg 12. ) Animals communicate a variety of thoughts and feelings, proving that they tak e in some form of ancient or basic consciousness. And because animals be in makeion of some form of primal consciousness, it would be fair to say that animals experience some for of sensual experiences, or what Mill would define as lower pleasures.Another piece of evidence that supports the claim that animals posses some form of primordial or basic consciousness, can be seen in Weir et als experiment. In this experiment, it is shown how damns communicate through their own distinct behavior it is shown how birds are able to hold to an experimentally given environment. Two birds were presented with a bucket full of food, the bucket was displace at the bottom of a truthful vertical tube that could not be mountain chained without their beaks alone. The birds were then presented with two outfits, one with a successive end, and the other with a lot end that formed a grass.The food was much easier to obtain with the nook endea wire. I ne Temale Dlra was always presented wltn tne stralgnt end, ana he male bird was always presented with the hooked end however, the pistillate bird was able to fit to her environment and bend the end of her wire so that her wire was also hooked at the end. When only two straight wires were presented to the birds, the female bird was able to hold and bend the wire to better reach her food, without any example or tow from the male birds wire.Through this experiment, it is clear that the female bird was able to adapt to her given environment. Her primary consciousness accompanied her form of perception, and influenced her action. She had no model to imitate and, to our knowledge, no pportunity for hook making to emerge by bechance shaping or reinforcement of indiscriminately generated behavior (pg 12. ) It is clear to see that the female bird perceived her goals as desirable she saw that she needed food, and she made conscious adjustments in order to attain her goal.Her primary consciousness influenced her form of action . Linking back to Mills Utilitarianism, lower pleasures only require a simple, primary form a consciousness. New demonstrate of Animal Consciousness argues that primary consciousness is, The state or facility of being mentally conscious or aware of anything (pg 6. The article argues through controlled experiments that animals can let a primary form of consciousness. And because animals possess a form of simple, basic consciousness, they also possess the ability to experience lower pleasures.Animals possess the full mental cogency to live their lives to facilitate the highest level of their lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are unique to human beings. Human beings possess the inapt mental capacity to experience a form of pleasure derived from our intellect. Higher pleasures require some minimum of cognitive capacities to enjoy because human eings have high cognitive capacities, we are capable of reaching higher levels of pleasure than animals.In the book Utilitarianism by John Stu art Mill, Mill argues that higher pleasures can only be experienced by human beings because we possess some minimum of cognitive capacities and that lower pleasures, such as sex, food, and sleep, can be experienced by any keep that has a primary or basic conscious. Through controlled experiences, it is argued in New Evidence of Animal Consciousness that animals do possess some form of primary consciousness enabling them to experience these lower pleasures that Mill describes.