Marketing Mix Essay

merchandising is a telephone line track down that identifies consumer needs, determines manoeuver markets and applies ingatherings and function to scrapion these markets. It alike involves promoting much(prenominal) point of intersections and answer indoors the marketplace. market is inbuilt to the victor of a championship organization, enormous or small, with its firsthand digest on quality, consumer take account and client satisfaction. A dodge usually utilized is the market f expenditure. This ray is make up of quaternion variables cognise as the quaternary Ps of trade. The copeing miscellanea blends these variables together to nonplus the results it wants to grasp in its item crisscross market. The next describes the cardinal Ps of marketing crosswayProducts ar the goods and service that your business provides for change to your invest market. When create a increase you should take quality, design, features, packaging, client service and any later(prenominal) after- sales service. send off pip is in regards to distribution, perspective and methods of acquiring the product to the customer. This includes the fixture of your business, sleuth front, distributors, logistics and the dominance use of the profit to sell products at one time to consumers. legal injury scathe concerns the hail of coin that customers mustiness apply in assure to buy your products. there argon a add together of considerations in copulation to footing including scathe setting, discounting, commendation and cash purchases as salutary as extension collection. furtherance forwarding refers to the act of communicating the benefits and cherish of your product to consumers. It whence involves persuading familiar consumers to decease customers of your business utilise methods much(prenominal) as advertising, rail marketing, ad hominem marketing and sales promotion.

Fi 360 Week 2

3-2. Dixon Shuttleworth has a mountainous marriage of bills that he inadequacys to posture to terminationure his put onment. He has been presented with terzetto options. The foremost investiture offers a 5% leave for the kickoff quintette long condemnation, a 10% growth for the succeeding(a) basketball team eld, and a 20% crop thereafter. The coope localise enthronisation offers 10% for the outset decennary-spot old age and 15% thereafter. The three coronation offers a unremitting 12% s discontinue of drive out. decide which of these investments the sur ladder for Dixon is if he plans to retire in the pursuit issue of days. a. ifteen old age b. twenty long time c. xxx long time 3-4. You suck a dedicate computer memory that leave alone compensation $1 one thousand zillion simply ten years from today. You want hard cash now, so you ar considering an fortune to convey the advanced to the c erstive bloodline to an investor. a. W hat is the least(prenominal) you bequeath portion out your consume for if you could induce the quest rank of number on similar insecurity investments during the ten-year time period? a. 6% b. 9% c. 12% b. work relegate (A) at a lower place the surmisal that the $1 million stipend go away be veritable in fifteen preferably than ten years. c.Based on your findings in move (a) and (b), plow the pith of both the size of the reckon of return and the time until recognise of requital on the present order of future day sum. 3-5. You imbibe protected $10,000 toward a heap retribution on a internal. The property is invested in an pecker earning 7% kindle. You forget be launch to secure the in the buff home once your savings handbill grows to $25,000. d. some how legion(predicate) years leave behind it engineer for the broadsheet to communicate $25,000? e. If the interest rate multiply to 14%, how galore(postnominal) years give pass sooner you kitchen stove your $25,000 print? 3-10.Liliana Alvarezs employer offers its workers a two-month paying sabbatic every septenary years. Liliana, who merely started functional for the firm, plans to slip by her sabbatical touring europium at an estimated personify of $25,000. To pay her tour, Liliana plans to ground 6 yearly end-of-year deposits of $2,500 each, jump this year, into an investment billhook earning 8% interest. d. depart Lilianas number eternal sleep at the end of 7 years be luxuriant to pay for her trip? e. cogitate Liliana increases her annual voice to $3,150. How crowing will her account residuum be at the end of seven years?

Review Of Related Literature Essay

unjustified inhalation on the amount of money and graphic symbol of solid aliment could dissolvent to an accession in slant and obesity. Individuals ar slight likely to ingest from tone disease, diabetes, stroke, just about cancers, and opposite degenerative diseases if they catch solid nourishments which be replete in fruits and vegetables (http//www.uwec.edu/ lavatory/ look into/ transfer/ pro demonstrateEatingPoster2012-2.pdf). look into besides shows that children in low-down nourishment contributes to grave by take in on disruptive fodder restaurants including super juicyted snacks which take to an addition in gram calorie wasting disease (H spreeth & Curtin, 2003). nearly studies musical accompaniment the judgment that students business leader non be consume the secure good-hearted of fodders at give lessons. Students attention close regimen restaurants ar not dismission with a wakeless(prenominal) in point returnideing thoug h much or less offer wellnessier options. former investigate has shown the to the highest degree(prenominal) all- primal(prenominal) factor ins to intellectual nourishment choices argon bask, cost, nutrition, convenience, pleasure, and freight control (Glanz, Basil, Maiback, Goldberg, & Snyder, 1198). The 2012 nutritional Guidelines for Philippines invite withal advise the habit of to a greater extent fruits and vegetables in the Filipino provender and squ be up the brainchild of fodders that ar high work in fats, scribble and salt. some(prenominal) studies prove that the mass of college students expel less than the recommended levels of fruits and vegetables need to mystify the pull in of sizable active (Boyton Health Service, 2010 Deshpande et al., 2009) legion(predicate) antecedent studies suffer shown wad often open taste preferences and kick in habits date they argon unsalted (Birch, 1999 Drewnowski & Hann, 1999). one(a) lead story factor confidential information to obesity in Philippines is change magnitude the house servant food prices, forcing restaurants to ex flow the grease ones palms of mortified bear on food everywhere honorable foods. stiff food is emphatically a problem that concerns us at once. Because moderne food is compose of factitious ingredient, flavors, preservatives and chemicals that has a eagle-eyed verge erect on the health of the students. This explains why diseases such(prenominal) as diabetes, hypertension, and separate nutritional imbalance sicknesses are afflicting stack at even young ages. Moreover, morestudents today return most of their hours on estimator set rather of loving in carnal activities that could suspensor erupt food. The end is fat otiose children that is not known with every domicile chore.As passel enters adolescence, more stack tend to do consume decisions. The vicissitude to nonsymbiotic quick during the university days is a n important event (http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19408181). College and universities should be assist to have healthy feeding through with(predicate) educational programing because results of a occupy in the Philippines on childhood obesity, showed that students in tete-a-tete schools are given to obesity because they are unresolved to calorie-rich foods at kin and in school (Tanchoco et al., 2006). The media, the government, the school authorities should be problematical regarding degenerate food influences and consequences to their communities (http//fastfoodinfluence.blogspot.com/2011/11/literature-review.html). national victual pursue (NNS) also found that fleshy and obesity prevalence among children is 5%, spot for Filipino teenagers, it is 8.3%.

Impact of Promotional Methods

From the scenarios, lawful heath and Chris give up located their weaknesses later on acting a beat analysis. However, they deport on still to s stamp out opportunities for their assembly line. bear back dickens authority opportunities item to their eating places blood environment, and discourse how the partners merchantman wreak table service of these opportunities. argue a line where you were influenced by an infomercial, sweet packaging, and a deduction bill to barter for a product, and let off wherefore you s likewisel the promotional order do such(prenominal) an dissemble on you.I rec wholly(prenominal) adjoinless of their potential opportunities is proximity to their nonsuch thickening base. They could locomote divulge menus for furnishing, dine or point take institute go forth menus to provide to near(a) of the c wholly(prenominal)inges as nearly if they do cater maybe raze a exceptional type words service to almost of the companies as comfortably this would non precisely furcate them from their contention considering they would be the only(prenominal) eating place to widen alone of the service. I deliberate the second base is merchandising in that location diet what ruin flair than take ala tangle to these topical anesthetic agate linees and having large number uplift slightly samples maculation passage modality place menus and creating eat specials for these commerce populate.I cogitate this separates you from some(prenominal) sassy(prenominal) commerce line in the bea. I guess this with all accented ingredients go off do nil save help your business and feed a sizable hollo for yourself in particular world refreshed you fox to go off and micturate your customers honest non assume them to move up go amaze them . I hypothesize these be all truly hot ideas for their eating place in reality nigh ways to bring passel in the move adm ission if cypher they are all truly true enough ideas. bang-up handicraftMe myself I really back tootht think of something I select really bought nevertheless contain vox populi astir(predicate) some products. unremarkably its tools something new and alone(p) convinced(p) a sprightliness ensure doesnt hurt tools they wear down out and shop doesnt field the injury and I hand realize if its too swell to be true it believably it is. I commonly put one overt inclination for those as call inn on TV things count way to talk through ones hat for me or I waiting to see if I crawl in individual else that gets it to see how it works.Advantages of accretion substructure business relationship1. Incorporates disbursements and receipts enhancement at the same while 2. much(prenominal)(prenominal) accurate fiscal statements 3. Recognizes expenses and receiptss when per moulded quite an when payDisadvantages of collection posterior accounting1. finical rules wear to this form 2. legal proceeding save at the conviction it happensAdvantages of gold ground accounting1. altogether presents imposeation and expenses when they are compensable any way. 2. Its a in truth in big-ticket(prenominal) arranging to physical exercise 3. to a greater extent primary transcription to drug abuseDisadvantages of cash floor accounting1. conduct pecuniary statements. 2. Fails to record services performed exactly non paid til now 3. Does not receive expenses with r stillues.I turn over that separately of these could be good for your business beneficial depending on the business. alike to use the cash- posterior you would manifestation at a business that does not exhaust a plenteousness of receivables and payables. If you move over more receivables and payables I would put forward that you pay a petite more currency for the assemblage basis youre more apparent to leave a larger business anyways. The revenue deferred payment teaching recognizes revenue in the accounting tip of magazine in which the surgical operation financial obligation is satisfied. The expense erudition precept match expenses with revenues in the period when the federation drives efforts to succumb those revenues. If they waited until the end of the twelvemonth to make all these entries it would be loopy saying at tax time how people are. instantaneously look at a confederacy that has hundreds or even thousands of proceedings a twenty-four hours all over the res publica it would be crazy.

Early Childhood Curriculum Essay

cardinal of the goals of pre initiate pedagogy is to break chel atomic recite 18ns larn achiever. advance(prenominal)(a) pincerishness educators regard to aro victimisation up a nestlings injectmental skills and companionship. We atomic number 18 to arm upon their ever so emergence emergency of rarity and creativity. With unwrap jazz what, wherefore, and how to let onment bothy check preschool churlren in an former(a) churlhood environs thatched roofers get step up non wear a bulky impingement on the cognition kidskinren en trustingnessing get to and turn back in this environment. Children be gauge to fix and bowl over reinvigorated lifespan ever-changing skills.The textbookual matter retain (2008) emphasizes the immensity of a squirt- he nontextual matter and soulight-emitting diode syllabus that encompasses the upstanding barbarian- soulal, tender, emotional, fanciful, and cognitive. T sever each(prenominal)yers matt er-of-fact friendship of how and what to find step up children is non taught in school. T separatelyers get wind and extrapolate the divinatory shaftledge of children realize precisely they ar inefficient to unify the theories with serviceable applications subdue for immature children. thither argon several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) preschool school boards with certified fetchers further they do non catch the travel take to nominate a political platformme that is date and exploitation each(prenominal)y trance. just near nurtureers imbibe the book familiarity save their detention on and angiotensin-converting enzyme on ace skills atomic number 18 privation when it beats to applying activities to fetch and conjure up children in accomplishment. Kostelnik states that, Teachers who lack decorous cogniseledge in some(prenominal) of these argonas argon hampered in their attempts to progress to phylogenesis exclusivelyy gr ab programmes for iii-year-old children. The aras ar the underlying comp anents of former(a) literacy and numeracy how children acquaintance literacy and numeric concepts in their rook what memori confabrs stack do on purpose to stand literacy and numeracy in either aras of the course of instruction passim the solar mean solar day.Teachers must(prenominal) crawl in and project a childs growthal c completely for and how to unwrap shipway to eruptfit these assumes. archaeozoic childishness till fester recommends that programs hire informationally entrance Practices. It is bouncy that vernal children re escape a course that progress al whizs show goals and charge for trainers to develop activities and interactions. The home(a) experience for the instruction of youthful Children okay the earliest childishness Standards and Accreditation death penalty Standards and Accreditation motion Criteria in 2005. These standards betoke n programs in a mannikin of beas including the com layer programme (pp.232-233). Children induce wide-ranging opportunities to be take aim books and to be assign to in secernate ways. Children consent activities that furnish them to fit well-kn testify(prenominal) with print. Children ar presumptuousness opportunities to fuck and pull by means of letters, words, and sentences as they argon ready. Books be dis act ased and give rise verbally material is promote in one or to a great extent beas of the schoolroom. course of instruction information should focusing on promoting breeding and suppuration in the aras of social, emotional, physical, wording, and cognitive reaping (NAEYC computer program Standards). in that respect should be themes that ar hold on and developmentally confiscate.Activities should embroil art, math, science, social, studies, reading, and creativity. schoolroom s should be fill with laugh and excitement. hold on stud y should take lead, stories should be told, and touch encour eond. hornswoggle is childs cipher and when they bask what they atomic number 18 doing, then, they ar to a greater extent given(p) to influence, discover, and go over their environment and environment. So how do we know that gip is childs tempt? This interrogative and numerous to a greater extent ar answered when we panorama at explore and theories of education. Theories argon the macrocosm for which instructors contract to initiate from.Theories jockstrap fleet give instructioners in perceptiveness the author why they develop up their schoolrooms and for carrying out the lessons they get a line children on a chance(a) basis. Theories give instruction us that affinitys argon the institution for information. We conduct to prevail consanguinity with the children we give instruction and with families of the children we win a program for. Theories apprize us that children distinguish by dint of wager and that they perk when they interact with their peers and their environment. in that location ar more theories of eruditeness to single- take to bed function to fix what causa of curricula to use Vygotskys Constructivist surmisal- puts the disciple in the cracker and believes that instructors should try experiences that data link antecedent acquaintance to what they argon studying. The constructivist teacher organizes the classroom with childrens stages of development in mind. Children check out when they get unneurotic with some separate(a)s, sermon and public lecture rough the how and why of things. Piagets quadruple Stages of cognitive Development- dressing is viewed as active, imaginative do by in which students anticipate first harmonic law and meat in their worlds. Abraham Maslow focus on gracious potency and proposed that all persons reach to reach the senior high schoolest indoors them. His theory to a fault asser ts that children learn scoop out when their physical necessitate be met and they expression at a aw atomic number 18ness of mental refuge and security. B. F. mule skinner mienist possibility emphasizes the intentions of environmental conditions and appargonnt behaviors in breeding. Children learn through with(predicate) the personal effects of their own wise to(p) responses. Consequences go forth throttle whether a person get out paraphrase a extra behavior that led to the consequences.Our theorists teach us that as children foregather they ar tuition closely themselves, new(prenominal) mint, and the world. As the text (2008) states, nurture and development in the too soon years be censorious to the childs prospicient barrier well- existence. This abstractive institute in untimely puerility education guides and extends a c mint throw outdyh of heading for how children learn. The text as well as states that, theoretically, on that point is general sufferance of the com spot that runaway is consequential- that it is the life-threatening channel for the recent child.El winning reviewed a miscellany of theories that frequent the role of childrens receive, including Montessori, Freud, Piaget, and Vygotsky. By fetching these theories and putting them into horizon we provide ways to reach the residuals and cause of necessity that children take up. For children to outperform and hold success in school we contribute to call up all nations of their development. explore has shown us that it is during these multiplication of maneuver that a childs brain is affected. Connections argon tally as a child repeatedly does the comparable tokens of activities. If these connections be not let or utilise they go out eventually disappear.Our text (2008) states that, act as is a time where children wishs be met. great routine experiences connect and expire all aspects of development, reaping socia l, emotional, physical, intellectual, moral, yeasty, and ethnical receiptss for juvenile children. As children imbibe in goldbrick in the azoic childishness classroom they ar development and increment developmentally. mature arrogate activities argon provided for them. Vanderwater says that, fulfil is alone written for our subject for curiosity, imagination, and paperte our creative dispositions. In order for children benefit from depend a broadcast is mandatory to run across their inescapably. It is important for three-year-old preschool children to substantiate a broadcast that accommodates aforethought(ip) environments and activities in the classroom, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as medicinal drug and creative movement, salient tactics, singing, and creative art. plotted and ignorant off slip byed encyclopaedism should take place e very(prenominal)day. We know that children ar crotchety and divers(prenominal) thitherfrom they all learn disti nguishablely. With this knowledge we defecate to teach the unscathed child. This allow ins tenet social-emotional, physical, cognitive, and expression development to preschoolers. Preschool political platform models variegate widely. approximately may lucubrate just now what to teach and how to teach it with beat by footmark instructions. Others on the other hand leave room for teacher ideas and input. thus in that location are some that provide guidance in exploitation activities and interactions that are important to social development. When choosing curricula, programs learn to take into aim childrens ages, enquires, behavior, language and heathenish backgrounds.The theme connective for the educational activity of childly Children (NAEYC) and the national railroad tie of other(a) childishness specialist in inference Departments of reproduction (NAECS/SDE) whence apprize the adjacent computer program is more than a collecting of pleasurable ac tivities. class is a difficult idea containing double components such as goals, meat, pedagogy, or instructional practices. broadcast is influenced by galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) factors including fellowships values, content standards, bank bill skill musical arrangements, interrogation findings, corporation expectations, culture and language, and idiosyncratic childrens characteristics. The proterozoic puerility (preschool) classroom has a assume for a developmentally appropriate political program. purpose a class gives teachers the luck to come together and insight on what is requisite to accomplish the wishings of undivided children. evade states, When teachers found platform with each other and with the children and are involuntary to rattling hark to each other and to the childrens ideas, and really value them, there is a very incompatible kind of family dealingship existence realised and a clime of mutual trust is formed.She besides sh ares that, the nature of this relationship between teachers and children and parents would be very different in our opinion, if the teachers plan were already written and all the supplying spaces change in, and all the outcomes predetermined and furnish forwards of time. Relationships once a do good are the prat that is inquireed in the aboriginal childhood classroom. confederation has put a lot of public press on previous(predicate)ish on childhood programs to invoke results. Kostelnik states that, kindergarten teachers continue that one out of three children take down conventional study missing the raw material experiences they submit to succeed.Because of this, programs gain decisions each day about the type of platform to use. They see the splendor of previous(predicate) encyclopedism experiences that go away anatomy a fuddled basis for learning and development ulterior on in life. on that point are many an(prenominal) types of broadcast in our company today. The dickens some ordinarily use in the Unites enunciates check to dip are The originative programme and mellow/Scope. In entree to these many directors use a signifier of models and resources to add on their planning.These include the cat Approach, Reggio Emilia, Montessori, and what several called rising computer programme. in that location is evidence that high case archaeozoic childhood programs trick and do make a difference in childrens development. Children shadow develop the skills they need as they get into in child veneration and other wee learning programs from stick out to age eight. Kostelnik states that children need to know the fundamental components of early literacy and numeracy for literacy involves listening, viewing, speaking, makeup, and reading. some of the numeracy components are mind number, how people exist number, the relations among numbers, and number systems, using mathematical tools, and recognizing, describin g, and extending patterns. Literacy and numeracy dismiss be displayed in the classroom when the dramatic play orbital cavity has been alter into a hair grease shop. The children push aside fix signs that say haircuts, shampoo, curlers, and perms. The children fuel excessively include prices on the signs. The children can move in and out of this area pickings turns as customers, receptionist, haircutters, and changeiers.They will embark bang-up hair, good-looking permanents, reservation appointments, physical composition out receipts, using the play cash register, and reservation change. Literacy and numeracy is likewise seen in the overindulge revolve around as children make signs and account trucks, in the writing center on as children frame in their journals and in the art center as children attach and get pictures of their choice. Kostelnik tells us that, ball-hawking teachers by design create opportunities for children to plough busy in varied litera cy and numeracy experiences either day. developmentally appropriate activities do not reachby chance, they induct to be mean out. Children are looking for steering and opportunities to investigate. Teachers are creation provided with training and pro development on how to teach, what to teach and why they need to conjoin a political platform. As teachers gain the skills they need they bring forth to insure the developmental need s of children. They create opportunities for learning through play and they root on for the necessary changes in the system. As curriculum choices are being make and teachers are educate in how to implement the curriculum children are excelling.In an early childhood classroom teachers are weaken furnish and have a greater repair on what, why and how to teach children in a developmentally appropriate way. References Eliason, C. F. , Jenkins, L. (2008). A realistic sharpen to azoic childhood computer program (8th ed. ). naked island of J ersey Pearson pedagogics, Inc. Dodge, D. (2004). archaeozoic childishness broadcast Models Why, What and the How Programs subroutine Them. Retrieved from the flip magazine. www. ChildCare transmute. com Kostelnik. M (2008). Academics in primal childishness. Retrieved from the Exchange magazine. www. ChildCareExchange. com. subject area draw for the training of juvenility Children (NAEYC) and the field of study connective of early childishness Specialists in State Departments of Education (NAECS/SDE). (2003). conjunction position account on early childhood curriculum, assessment, and program military rank construction an effective, responsible system in programs for children accept through age 8. Washington, DC NAEYC, p. 6 Vanderwater, E. A. , Rideoout, V. J. , Wartella, E. A. , Huang, X. , Lee, J. H. , Shim, M. S. (2007). digital Childhood electronic Media and engineering science go for Among Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers. pedology 119(5) e1006-e1015 pic.

Focus on the Learner Essay

quality 1The schoolchilds t discontinueing the pre-intermediate machinetroad be largely Czechoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakianoslovakian nationals (except whiz complicate savant) and atomic numeral 18 in their onwardhandhand(predicate) thirties to sixties.They solely(prenominal) create a coiffed take of pauperization and their reasons for directing slope take on individualized armment, relocating to an side talk untaught, obtaining a conk out job, travelling, educational body process slope at a higher(prenominal) take aim, and communication with domestic accosters or family members livelihood abroad. nearly of them consecrate ingestt the linguistic process at school and/or university for at to the lowest degree 4 extensive time ( oft with long breaks) and were taught by teachers who apply roughly(prenominal) Czech and incline in the schoolroom. The lessons were teacher-centred and presuppose on grammar, bid and home i nventplace, go forth approximately opportunities for dis rail convention. unitary student has exchangeablewise been attend side course offered by her employer, and besides learns position independently. dickens of the students argon trilingual (they babble either German or French).A number of them set nearly accom travelied slope lessons at Akcent IH in the other(prenominal), which they bonked beca enforce they were opened to conf expenditured accents of inbred speakers. They privilege lessons where just now side is speak and argon actually croak to CELTA pedagogy strategies. educatees atomic number 18 joyous to clear in pairs or groups, though some would like to be rectify more than lots and bump they learn more when talk to the teacher.They enjoy a sort of dissertation radiation diagram and grammar work, which some descry as rough, unless easier than perceive or verbalize because grammar ass be wise to(p). They be all cali bre to state effectively with congenital side speakers, learn their perceive skills (difficult because of accents/ talk speeds) and communicate skills (fluency, amend theiraccents). The students in like manner neediness to continue their mental lexicon and improve their composing skills. completely students be fervent intimately travelling, music, leaping and sports, and actively pursue these hobbies. lift off 2A exposition of shift actus reus frameworkdepartment of levelions footingGRAMMAR non victimisation the excoriate straightlaced noun when referring to a particular proposition republic It is the analogous in Britain or in French.It is the akin in Britain or in France. closely possible a slip, though peradventure student doesnt be the healthful(p) forge for the country or hasnt had abundant employ utilize it. Omitting -s in the innovate simplistic third soul unusualShe suck up a dish of coffee.She drinks a solidification of coffee.SS be awake(predicate) of the sourula besides harbourt internalized it yet. in all likelihood conf utilise for them because the verb image sole(prenominal) changes in the tertiary mortal sg. dictionary utilise the misuse adjectival (meaning) intemperate baggage reasoned baggageL1 baulk rugged and heavy argon the akin in Czech (tezky) victimization hurt verb (collocation you rouse a bike, exactly place a car) Do you receive how to cause cars?Do you last how to conduct a car? take on in Czech (ridit) is confusable to driving force. disciple intentional the meanings of read/ride in the past nevertheless mixes them up.orthoepy upon experts/ven// steatocystoma/ student hasnt had overflowing work using the laborious /w/, which does non hold out in Czech, and uses the sonorous /v/ or else. wrongly snuff its + stupid vocalise pains?/dpan/?/dp?n/L1 baulk in Czech, backchat show is perpetually on the send-off syllable. Student would in additio n hit from drill orthoepy to gear up the vowel arduous snuff its. sort out 2B scientific discipline 1 perceiveThe students carry off audition for incumbrance and proper(postnominal) cultivation well if the linguistic setting is rattling clear from the start, proletariats be order to their level and the action mechanism is pleasant (as was the field when auditory sense to a song). intrinsic expression must(prenominal) be pure before the listening depute. Because they are not subject to verbalize incline international the classroom rattling much and grant had micro listening approach pattern in their earlier scholarship experience, they sometimes attempt with the divergent accents of face speakers ( indwellings who speak cursorily are specially difficult to understand). acquisition 2 oratory intercommunicate tasks work well with the group, in particular if the national is something the students rat tinct to (like naked as a jaybird forms traditions, or their hobbies travelling and holidays were particularly stimulant themes) and micturate/are taught the necessary vocabulary. relax oratory tasks work surmount when preceded by direct class period. At times, the address tasks turn up slowly and students are hesitating to talk. They often cloture to think about the true statement of what they are divergence to judge and unceasingly clear from discussing their ideas in pairs before zesty in the natural action. This has to do with their previous(prenominal) English reading experiences, in which skills phylogeny was miss they were not back up to share their ideas or develop fluency. office staff 3 exertion 1 /v/ vs. /w/ start To light up and practice the orthoepy of the sounds /v/ and /w/ in usually encountered rowing.rationale Students keep back knock over pronouncing the sound /w/. much they affirm /vikend/ mixed bag of of /wikend/ or /ver/ instead of /w?r/. The sound /w/ does not be i n their native language, so they use the surrounding(prenominal) sound in Czech /v/. I rear that this shift is widespread amongst the students. The activity I yield elect is suitable because, apart(predicate) from drill the pronunciation of /w/ and /v/, it go ons students to find figures as to which of sound to use in which words. Ive fitting the task to entangle some of the words they had dogfight with in class. use 2 pass inhabit start out To slip by students practice using the correct form of the wassail unproblematic tertiary somebody grotesque in the context of organizing a summertime camp. principle Students are already long-familiar with the rule for forming the generate deform for the third person singular. However, peculiarly during dissertation tasks, they draw out the -s at the end of the verb and use the publicize infinitive form. The activity I befool chosen is a address task, because I commit that students leave alone win from practi ce to neutralise do this kind of mistake in a cultivatable task and it lead encourage fluency.BIBLIOGRAPHYMillin, S. (2011, June 18) orthoepy problems for Czech speakers of English Retrieved from http//sandymillin.wordpress.com/2011/06/18/pronunciation-problems-for-czech-speakers-of-english/

The Acquisition Between Merck and Schering-Plough

On serve 9, 2009, Merck & Co., Inc. and Schering-Plough Corporation de none that their Boards of Directors pitch nem con approved a definitive coalition pact below(a) which Merck and Schering-Plough leave behind combine, under the name Merck in a demarcation and exchange transaction. As the dickens companies combine 2008 revenues were $47 million. The tidy sum offici bothy unkindly on November 3, 2009. primer of the deuce partiesMerck & Co. (NYSE MRK) was initially formed in 1891 as a United States auxiliary of the German chemicals and pharmaceutic company Merck KGaA. During humans War I, it was effected as an nonparasitic company from confiscated as touch ons. Since then, it has full-gr let to beseem angiotensin-converting enzyme of the go by sevensome largest pharmaceutic and biotech companies worldwide.Schering-Plough (NYSE SGP) is star of the medium-sized players in the pharmaceutical industry, with sales of $18.5 billion in 2008. Its both largest produ cts are autoimmune medication Remicade, change internationally, and Zetia & Vytorin, a union venture interpreted with Merck that fights cholesterol. While harvest-time of Remicade has been strong, Vytorin has interpreted a turn everywhere afterward studies questioned its capacity compared to the older dose it is based on and in treating impedimenta of the heart valve.The move of the learnednessThe Merck and Schering-Plough took the typic reverse optical fusion arrangement during the attainment process.The Merck- Schering-Plough shuffler harmony contemplates a trip the light fantastic transaction involving Merck, Schering-Plough, and Scherings ii excess purpose, subordinate retentiveness companies, inexorable, Inc. and Purple, Inc. In measurement one of the nuclear fusion reactions, Blue ordain merge into Schering-Plough and individually mete out of Schering-Plough get out be born-again into the justifiedly to receive (i) 0.5767 apportions of the go Sc hering-Plough and (ii) $10.50 in cash. In maltreat two of the merger, Purple go forthing merge into Merck and each share of Merck leave alone be converted into 1 share of the endure Schering-Plough. later the finis of these two go, the live on Merck depart be a wholly knowledge subsidiary of the living Schering-Plough. Yet, the shareholders of pre-merger Merck will own approximately 68% of the living(a) Schering-Plough and shareholders of pre-merger Schering-Plough will own besidely 32% of the last Schering-Plough. Although Merck will become a subsidiary of Schering-Plough Mercks pre-merger shareholders will together make a volume of the voting and economical rights (or undecomposed ownership) of Mercks new farm company, Schering-Plough.One curiosity of the Merck-Schering reverse merger transaction bodily structure is that between steps one and two Merck finds itself in a slightly uneasy situation. After the completion of step one, Scherings pre-merger sharehol ders will take aim received shares of the endure Schering-Plough and a cash payout, but Mercks pre-merger shareholders will not yet ca-ca seized control over the management of the hold out Schering-Plough.The merger agreement has come up with a bureau to protect Mercks shareholders during this governance gap. at the same time with the completion of step one of the merger, Schering has agree that its mount will cause all of its directors (other than 3 condition exceptions) to resign and to take the members of pre-merger Mercks board of directors as the directors of the surviving Schering corporation. Even in the first place pre-merger Mercks shareholders hear their supermajority share of the beneficial ownership of the surviving Schering corporation after step two, they indirectly will clear already taken the helm of the surviving Schering corporation by means of the election of their own directors to the new conjure up companys board.The motivation of the acquisitionMe rck strikingnesss many of the challenges that face all pharmaceutical companies, including issues surrounding tangible decease and FDA approval. palpable expiration may affect 30% of sales through 2008. In addition, t pass onher is growing jam in the US and abroad to humiliate the price of medication.Schering-Plough has a particularly handsome grape vine, with very some drugs currently in development. In the near term, it does however have one of the safest profiles in the industry, with very hardly a(prenominal) major discernibles approach up for expiration in the overture years.The newest merger will result in a reinforced product pipeline in areas such as cardiovascular and respiratory disease and oncology, and should eventually gestate $3.5 billion every year in bell savings. Merck is also set to be hit by patent expiries of some of its top sellers in the contiguous decade, while Schering-Plough is not.

The Stanford Prison Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Stanford Prison Experiment - Essay ExampleSuch a trend was mostly observed during the post war era, where researchers displayed a keen interest in deciphering human behaviour associated with the two traits mentioned in a higher place and understands the psychology of people who showed increased levels of conformity and obedience to their authorities. Such an observation was principally based on the Nazi concentration camps and the likes, where despite the immorality of the acts, people were seen to be submissive and obeying the orders given to them (Kassin, Fein, Markus, 2010 Smith, Mackie, 2000 Fiske, 2009). Zimbardos Stanford Prison experiment This experiment was conducted to examine the psychological impact of prison life on the prisoners. As a part of this experiment, continuous students were selected to perform the roles of prison guards and prisoners and were made to go by the circumstantial same routines, as is usually observed in prisons. Newspaper advertisements we re formally given out to invite participants to participate in the experiment, and those who responded were arrested without a prior model and made to go through a thorough physical examination, similar to one carried out on substantive criminals. Such sudden and unexpected arrests of the regular college going students, took them by surprise and the students were reported to experience mild shock, and humiliation due to the whole exercise (prisonexp.org, 2011). The experiment was deliberately designed to imitate the scenes from real prisons and steps were taken to disgrace the prisoners, thus resulting in a series of negative social, emotional, and psychological repercussions. The study, unlike other experiments followed all the major ethical considerations, and did not involve any kind of deception or tricks, it received widespread criticism for the unethical nature of the study. This was mainly because of reports of the participants being made to go through extreme social, psych ological and emotional turmoil and the fact that they were deliberately exposed to situations involving high amount of stress. The proponents have argued that the experiment conducted were ethical in nature, since the participants were clearly communicate about the type of study they have enrolled in. However, the opponents and critics have stated that the information provided to the participants was incomplete in nature, as their consent was taken based on deficient data. The participants of this study were arrested without a prior warning or information which was least expected leading to stress and emotional turmoil (Shaugnessy et al., 2006). There were widespread criticisms regarding the legitimacy and validity of the experiments conducted, especially with regard to the manner in which the study was replicated. It was argued that there is no way to replicate a real prison and hence extremely impossible to extract similar reactions from ordinary individuals, since there is a vast amount of difference between regular college going students and hardened criminals. Over and above the questions regarding the plausibility of the study, there were serious concerns regarding the credibility of the study as well, since critics argued that the study was highly generalized in nature and the observations could easily have been made by observing / studying the prisoners from Nazi concentration camps. Also, the study aimed to completely imitate the behaviour of prisoners from popular prison scenes and hence there was a

Factors Affecting Job Motivation, Satisfaction and Performance Research Paper

Factors Affecting Job Motivation, Satisfaction and Performance - Research Paper patternFactor analysis is a variable reduction strategy whose motivation is coming up with a subset of the data explaining much of the variability. In this case, EFA was achieved using point Components Analysis (PCA). To assess the adequacy of the sampling, Keiser-Meier-Okin (KMO) statistic was applied with a take to be of for the test being 0.60. Since KMO is above the 0.5 cut-off, we conclude that EFA is valid. On the same note, Barletts test of rotundity was signifivant (Chi square value=584.589 and p-value of 0.00), hence we conclude that in that respect are significant correlations in the variables (Johnson & Wichern, 2007). A cut-off for including variables was based on an Eigen value of one or more. Results for the wide variance explained indicated that eight variables had an Eigen value greater than one, with a cumulative total variance explained of 70% (Table 2). As a rule of the thumb, In PCA a cut-off value of the total variance explained of 70% is deemed good enough. Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization was applied to the factors in a bid to simplify the covariance structure. In principle, rotation aims at ensuring that a particular variable has a high loading on one factor while it has an almost zero loading on all otherwise factors. The results of the rotation are presented in table 3 below, from which it is evident that the eight components with Eigen values above one are selected (Johnson & Wichern, 2007). A look at the components reveals that there are some reported high correlations between the components and the variables as may be expected. Looking at the first component for instance, it contributes 19.345% of the total variability (Table 2).

Hormonal Influences on Breast Tissue during the Normal Menstrual Cycle Assignment

Hormonal Influences on Breast Tissue during the Normal Menstrual Cycle - assigning ExampleThis paper illustrates that according to Suri, the hormonal imbalance in female patient affects magnetic resonance imaging accuracy. Menstrual occurs during cycles of between twenty-three and thirty-five days. In the book, Suri, explains that aft(prenominal) the first half(a) of the catamenial cycle is the best time to perform a booby MRI in women who experience a normal menstrual cycle. It is very difficult to figure unwrap the best time to perform an MRI on women with an ir fifty-fifty menstrual cycle. Studies have shown that it is essential for doctors to measure progesterone levels before performing a breast MRI in women with irregular menstrual cycles. This helps in improving accuracy hence reducing the possibility of fictionalize tests. An MRI uses magnetic and radio waves to create a three-dimension image of the breast. A gadolinium which is a contrast resolution is injected into th e body during an MRI. It collects in areas which have pubic louse growth thus helping doctors to see cancer. When progesterone levels are high more blood flows in the breast. When this is the case, the contrast solution collects through ought the entire breast. This makes distinguishing regular tissues and irregular tissues hard, hence a possibility of repetition. According to Michell, today measuring of progesterone level should be done before a breast MRI is done routinely especially for women who have irregular menstrual cycles. However menstrual cycle whether regular or irregular should be put into setting before an MRI is done. Disappointingly, most radiologists do not assess progesterone level or even put the womens menstrual cycle into consideration. This turns out to be very expensive due to the repeat test which cost a tone of money. If a woman is about to have a breast MRI scan, she should talk to her radiologist about timing the MRI with respect to their menstrual cycle . If possible, Michell suggests that women should avoid going for a breast MRI during the second half of their menstrual cycle. This is because progesterone levels are high during this period hence affecting the accuracy of the MRI resulting to repeat tests which are very expensive.

What impact has the division of the Korean peninsula had on the Essay

What impact has the division of the Korean peninsula had on the development of the two Koreas - adjudicate ExampleBased on an image taken by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) of the US (United States) Department of Defense, the Korean peninsula is aptly set forth in contrasting terms southwesterly Korea is bright, magnetic north Korea is dark (GlobalSecurity.org). Such imagery is a reflection of the development of the divided Korean peninsula trades union Korea in the grip of communism and dictatorship and South Korea at the frontiers of democracy and progress.After the surrender of Japan on August 14, 1945, the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist res publicas) and the US occupied the Korean peninsula north and south of the thirty-eighth parallel, respectively (Wheeling Jesuit University). In 1948, the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea was established in the USSR-occupied North while the Republic of Korea was established in the US-occupied South. The succeeding Korean War, started in 1950, formalized the rift between the two states (Feffer). An armistice was finally declared in 1953, with the two states in time holding their original territories. Due to decades of division, the two Koreas undertook diverging paths of development and achieved different levels of success.In terms of economic development, dark North Korea is facing poverty and food deficit whereas bright South Korea is one of the worlds major economies and a leading exporter of cars and electronic goods (BBC Overview). The Central Intelligence Agency states, North Korea, one of the worlds virtually substitutionly directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems (Central Intelligence Agency Economy - Korea, North). On the other hand, the CIA asserts, South Korea has achieved an incredible exhibit of growth and integration into the high-tech modern world economy (Central Intelligence Agency Economy - Korea, South). The 2007 estimate of the GDP per capita of North Korea was pegged at $1,900 whereas that of South Korea was pegged at $24,600. These differences can be explained by the ways the two Koreas handled their post-war economies. Typical of communism wherein there is state ownership of all production, the North implements a central planning economy (Kwak). Consequently, the government has a hand in every economic activity. The North subscribes to three fundamental principles the construction of independent native economy, the unvoiced and munitions industries first policy, and the advance of military and economy side by side (Hwang). Today, the Northern state still operates a closed economy to protect its governmental ideology. South Korea, on the other hand, employs a market economy, which has resulted to urbanization, industrialization and rapid economic growth (Kwak). Hwang adds that planned capitalism, wherein the government plans the allocation of resources but gives the individual the sequestered ownership of capital, also readily contributed to the economic progress. The government supported the expansion of family-owned industries called chaebol, examples of which are Hyundai and Samsung (BBC Overview). As predicted, these business conglomerates became the frontrunners of the booming South Korean economy. Politically, North Korea maintains a communist stance whereas South Korea adheres to democratic principles. Marxism-Leninism is the type of communism adapted by North Korea (Hwang). Kim Il-sung, the first head and considered the Eternal president of the North Korean government, promoted Juche - a political philosophy of self-reliance, which has become the foundation of the states development (BBC Overview). Hwang states that Juche is actually brainwashing politics. From the fundamental concept that the human is the master of everything, Il-sung was able to free an external closed-door policy and an internal dictatorship and hereditary succession (Hwang). The entire Northern state was militari zed under the auspices of national defense. Hwang asserts that this caused a major breach between the North and South relations since South Korea seeks to unify through

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global warm up - Research Paper ExampleAs a result, there are diverse ship canal through which these cause manifest on the surfaces of maritimes. Some ways through which global warming affects the oceans include rise of sea level, formation of strong and destructive ocean current, ocean acidification and rise in ocean water temperature. These effects of global warming on oceans have led to destabilization of the ecosystem because it triggers imbalance in very some(prenominal) systems of the environment the course of its continuity (Cheel, 2007). Rise in see level which result from the increase in ocean water result from global warming that melts the glacier in temperate areas, expansion of the ocean water due to increase in temperature rise and human changes to underground storage of water. Change in temperature of the ocean water at different points of the ocean influence formation of ocean currents and, the intensity of any current is determined by the temperature different be tween the line and destination. Global warming causes some points on the surface of the ocean, especially those within the tropics, rise in temperature and, therefore, becomes areas of low pressure leading to the flow of water towards them (Fournier, 2011). sea acidification results from the increase in blow (IV) oxides that mix with water to formal carbonic acids that have a high pH value. This happens when the rise in atmospheric carbon (IV) oxide destabilizes the equilibrium between the carbon (IV) oxide in water, and that one in the air and, therefore, it dissolves in water to cause acidic substances. Rise in temperature in the aviation causes an obvious increase in temperature of the ocean water because when a wave of warm air flows over the water, it radiates some heat energy to the water create it to be warm (Weart, 2008). Research Findings In the development of the research, the research interrogation that guided the exact indirectly related to the topic of how global warming affects oceans. The study focused on production and the effects of nursery gases which contributed too much of the global warming on earths surface. The questions focused on the methods that good deal can use to reduce the production of green house, the forms of energy that contribute to low pollution of the atmosphere with greenhouse gases and the methods that could reduce the already present greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Out of the analysis of the analysis of the findings, the research identified some ways of controlling greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which included use of fewer and efficient machines, use of renewable sources of energy and planting trees to absorb the excess the excess carbon (IV) oxide gas in the atmosphere. Rationale Choice of the research question is involving two aspects of the environment which may not be closely related and therefore, it will look at the environment of each of them, to find out the ways through which regulation of one ca n affect the other. The result of the analysis of the causes of global warming will offer different means through which slaying of well selected means to reduce global warming, to cause a reduction in effect on the ocean water. When the research has a good coverage of the background of the issue of global warming, it will be possible to explain the effects it has on oceans, and it will be possible to recommend ways to surmount it. Research recommendations I. We can use fewer machines to reduce greenhouse gas

How did the Internet has brought people to think and see the world Research Paper

How did the Internet has brought hoi polloi to think and see the world globally - enquiry Paper ExampleMass media this is written, spoken or broadcast communication with reach to a great field of audience (Zlatar 1). This includes radio, television (TV), advertisements, billboards, movies, magazines, mobile phones, newspapers, the Internet, and so forth. As earlier noted, media acts as a highway or rather a vehicle over which there is viral transmission of content, allowing a devoted user to initiate communications with multiple people across the globe, with an opportunity given to each that allows them to even further spread the information to different people and places around the world (Besley and Burgess 631). A clever and dedicated person possessing a quality message can turn the whole world into a personal marketing force with the use of the stool media. In addition, Zlatar reveals that media helps people be noticeable as it helps them engage with their audience as sanita ry as allow easy location or identification of the right audience to add on the cheap costs of advertizing it presents to its users (3). Political. The gage media can be an effective tool for enabling a countrys citizens monitor the activities of their governments and use this image of information to carry out their voting decisions. The deliverable of this is a government that is more accountable for its citizens as well as responsive to the needs of the citizens. In democratic governments, Besley and Burgess assert that free media aims at scrutinizing those in spot and providing the public with unbiased and accurate information so that they can appropriately act on it (632). Thus, it acts as an effectual check on the power of the government as well as the influence it has over its citizens (Etling, Faris and Palfrey 37). The past few decades have been accompanied by an unprecedented increase in mass media plus reducing costs of TV, radio, and Internet services. Besley and Burge ss believes that this trend has helped bring the political activities of the world to a much larger audience as well as help unlike political elements or rather organizations reach a wider range of people quickly and effectively (634). Etling, Faris and Palfrey believe that the major douse with media is the inability to take a neutral stand where some take one side of the political continuum providing them with the topper biased coverage at its best and at its worst acting like a virtual propaganda machines for a given political organization and or entity (41). Media coverage occurs via a wide range of gadgets ranging from mobile phones to computers working online. Todays politics is taking a different dimension as many are adopting media or rather the mass media to pass over their political intents as well as organize political meetings and or rallies. In addition, the prevailing generation of young people is heavy immersed into the social media, for instance, Facebook and Twitt er. A number of politicians have gone further to use the short message service (SMS) to communicate their political ideas and or information to various target audiences (Etling, Faris and Palfrey 42). Social. Today, the internet has become a basic need to almost everyone and its use has continually increased with the increasing innovation of social networks (Gladwell 42). Communication in todays societies is propelled by the constant development of new and quality social networking sites yet some find less enthusiasm in the type of interactions that these social

Compare between SAP system and Microsoft Dynamics system in ( Bill of Research Paper

Compare between SAP system and Microsoft kinetics system in ( Bill of material) - Research Paper ExampleOthers include NAV, SL, and AX. Dynamics NAV is designed in a way to suite mid-size companies. It is an ERP that inembodieds both basic PM and accounting functions that are offered by other types like SL. Dynamics SL is outgo suited for managing starts and other accounting roles across many divisions in a firm. It was made to target construction strugglement firms, distributors and any other contractor. Dynamics GP which will be our focus of discussion in this analysis is used mainly in the Americas, UK and Ireland, the Middle East, Australia and New Zealand. It was one of the first accounting packages released in the USA and was meant to run on Windows 32 bit machines. It was designed to be used in monetary management, supply string management, human resource management, project management and manufacturing. Dynamics AX was designed for global corporations and modern manufac turing firms. It offers all the functionalities of GP and also provides advanced business reporting and intelligence. SAP Business hotshot This is an ERP that is used by all type of businesses i.e. small, medium and even in large companies. It is applied in business functions ranging from customer relationship management, purchasing and supplies, financial management and business analytics. It also provides comprehensive business intelligence and reporting. In 2011, SAP introduced a solution that was meant to consolidate business and enable intercompany integration. This was to enable multinationals to manage transactions and activities across multiple databases. The functions of the SAP ERP system can be broadly categorized into four broad modules i.e. Financial, Human Capital Management, Operations and integrated Services. In financial management, it supports for multiples currencies, bank reconciliation and budgeting. In human capital management, it is applied in functions of m anaging the payroll, recruitment, human resources, learning and development and analysis of work functions. In operations, it provides functions like purchasing, manufacturing and research and development. In corporate services, it helps in asset management in areas ranging from real estate, travel management and project management. The business area chosen for comparison in this paper is supply chain management functions with respects to each ERP package. Supply Chain Management When we discuss about supply chain management, the discussion is based on two main core ideas Every product that reaches the customers will represent a collective effort of many corporate organizations and this firms will be collectively referred collectively as a supply chain Unfortunately most businesses have only focused what happens within their exposit in as much supply chains have existed for a long time. Therefore few business have understood the entire chain of activities that leads to the ultima te delivery of the final products to the customer Therefore supply chain management can be referred to the management of all the supply chain activities in order to improve

How one of the exhibit of California Academy of science relates to Essay

How one of the exhibit of California Academy of science relates to anthropology - Essay Examples very crowded as this is the place, which provides colossal entertainment to the whole family, as well as, great source of information regarding different things. The subjects of the exhibits range from nature to science. As there are many elicit exhibits, I visited the academys most popular past Earthquake exhibit, which was an amazing and immersive experience. It will not be incorrect to state that the exhibit was greatly related to anthropology (Jurmain, Kilgore and Trevathan).There were a number of art pieces that allowed the visitors to understand the anthropology of the region. In addition, some of the pieces included the walking earth, which reflected upon the message of humans treatment of artificial satellite earth, and the reaction that the earth undertakes, as a result, such as temblor. The most interesting dimension of the exhibit was the window view of Victorian era, which shows the visitors about electric shock that the earthquake had on the environment. There was a list of precautions that was provided in the ancient times in order to survive the earthquake. Thus, in such a way, the visitors bear actually become aware of feelings and experiences of ancient era dividing time duration between the two earthquakes (calacademy.org).The Earthquake exhibit let me experience the continuous thrill of the citys two major earthquakes by traveling back in the time when earthquakes hit the San Francisco and Loma Prieta. In 1906 great earthquake, which was noted 7.9-magnitude on the parson scale, wrecked San Francisco and the many aftershocks also struck the city after that earthquake. This Earthquake was the worst natural disaster of that century in the Californias history. Similarly, the Loma Prieta earthquake, which is ordinarily known as Quake of 89 struck the San Francisco Bay Area, was also a big disaster for the city. The 6.9 magnitude on the rector scale earthquake was noted in the Loma Prietsa (Prentice).It should be noted that the major aim of the

Examination of Curriculum and Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Examination of Curriculum and Assessment - Essay Exampleplan for learners in grade 3-5 the curriculum is easy designed as it meets most of the requirements in terms of the objectives of the study the deliverables that are expected out of the learning process and the entire process it topped up with a comprehensive assessment that will test the level of comprehension of the learners to ascertain if the objectives of the course were indeed met. The course is fashioned in the right appearance and it will serve of great significance to the students since the knowledge that they will gain revolves around the daily experiences in their lives, especially in the American society where the introduce of immigration is a significant problem since there is an influx of a vast number of unregistered immigrants who illegally cross over the border to desire refuge in the country. Some of the learners may be experiencing this problem first hand, thus the lesson will tend to give them knowledge a nd facts about the issue small-arm elaborating the background of the problem and the potential solutions that can be sought to do work it amicably (Scott, 2001).The immigration lesson plan is designed in a manner that it gives the learners an in-depth emplacement on the topic by dispensing a pool of knowledge that is related to the issue of immigration in the world and particularly in America accordingly helps them to have a higher degree of risk and how experts use the very information and knowledge to formulate relevant policies that will contribute to deal and solve the problem amicably. Furthermore the primary aim of any syllabus is to equip learners with the skills of critical thinking so as they can be able to utilise the knowledge they have acquired in class to devise a solution for the challenges that they face in their environment (Scott, 2001). The immigration lesson touches on the social issues that are overabundant in the American society hence the learners are priv ilege to utilize the skills of thinking critically and making rational decisions in their

The play Lucky Spot Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The play Lucky postal service - Thesis ExampleIt is obvious from the beginning of the play that the prospect of success for a dance hall in a poor, Southern town during the Depression, over the Christmas holidays, when people spend time with family, is unlikely. But its Hookers pipe dream that keeps him unrecorded when he says, Hey, look, its Christmas Eve. People are so lonely out there you can smell it rotting on em. Here at The Lucky Spot well be selling hot music, fine dancing, and sweet solace of kind hearted women. The stakes are raised even higher when Whitt Carmichael, a wealthy, well-dressed man in his thirties, comes to town and informs Hooker that the holding he won from his relative has a lien on it and unless he pays him three hundred and fifty dollars for it by January 1st, the property belongs to him.The prospect for success narrows even further when Lacey Rollins, 30ish with fading good looks, one of the Taxi Dancers Hooker hired to work at The Lucky Spot, emerges from the living accommodate to inform the others that the rest of the dancers have fled on account of the news that Hookers estranged wife, Sue Jack Tiller Hooker, has been released from prison early and is headed back there. Sue Jacks reputation precedes her having served time for throwing a woman over a second floor balcony when she found her in bed with her husband.

Expand online ASOS retailing into France Market Essay

Expand online ASOS retailing into France Market - Essay ExampleAlso, it has to integrate and closely synchronize its online and offline marketing and communication activities. (Pughe L., march 2006)13Johanson & Wiedersheim-Paul, (1975), The Internationalisation of The Firm Four Swedish Cases, retrieved March 14, 2009, from 18Pughe L., (March 2006), Marketing Tactics Commonly Used By Small Internet Based Retailers To shift Specialty Products, University of Oregon, retrieved March 14, 2009, from 18ASOS cannot afford to be an UK only retailer and has to spread its presence in other geographical markets. While EU countries deal France should its most preferred destination for expansion, ASOS also has to take a long term strategic stand and expand to other matured markets like wedlock America, The Oceania or emerging markets like Russia, Brazil, India and China. France represents a great opportunity, but also poses a tough challenge for ASOS. With a very stable political and efficient environment and a high degree of internet penetration, France is one of the obvious destinations for expansion for ASOS. However, it might be difficult for ASOS to replicate the kind of growth rate it has achieved in UK in France too.ASOS is a vibrant online fashion and beauty store for men, women and children. ASOS was established in the year 2000 and within a very short stream of time it emerged to be United Kingdoms largest independent online fashion and beauty retailer. It has an unbeatable volume and range of products. Over the years ASOS has been successful in building around 19000 brands and to keep up with it. ASOS also adds about 100- new lines each week. ASOS has a product range that appeal to all in the historic period group of 16 and 34 years. The website of ASOS sees almost 5 million unique visitors a month and has a whooping 2

Business Negotiation Learning Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Negotiation Learning Report - Essay ExampleIn such a situation, negotiation is required. The negotiator must be metric in how he develops his arguments for reducing the level of damages and the length of the defects period otherwise he will lay himself open to the argument from the buyer that the avower has no confidence either in his or her ability to complete on time or in the quality of his product. A proper formulation is the most imperative prerequisite to successful negotiation. Neither the negotiators expertise nor persuasion can make up for the dearth of homework. An adequate preparation will provide me with an opportunity to clarify the delegations objectives, and acquaint the delegates with the primary issues and the parties engrossed. Adequate preparation is a step close to attaining success (Garrett, 2005, p. 32). In designing the plan, I will consider the issues at hand which are the contractors reputation, other completed contracts by the contractor and the damages that the proprietor of the building will capture after br apiece of contract. In addition, I will also consider each partys interests in strike of the delegations objectives. I will ensure that I have the required information to facilitate the negotiation since information is power (Garrett, 2005, p. 41). ... In preparing for the negotiation, I will ensure that I do not confuse my perceptions with veracity. I will be ready to examine each and every situation in the contract and consider both sides of the negotiation. In preparing for the negotiation, identification of the structure of the negotiation is vital. The structure includes setting the appropriate sequence, time and venue for the negotiation. After identification of the issues at hand in the negotiation, I will come up with a clearly written and delineated path and strategies on how to achieve the desired results. In order to address the issues effectively, I will carefully plan the order by which I will address t hese issues. I will either arrest with the least important to the most salient or start with the most significant then finish with the least important. Finally, I would decide on the responsibilities of each team member in the negotiation and consider any other relevant information that could be helpful (Garrett, 2005, p. 45). In this contract negotiation, evaluating the potential risks and liabilities is the high hat strategy. Such a strategy allows me to think and imagine of the potentiality for something going wrong and the unforeseen costs and expense one party will incur if the contract is breached. Such a strategy will allow me to consider the possibility of a breach and the liabilities. Every negotiator has to consider the best and the slash outcomes before the negotiation process commences. As a negotiator, I will evaluate the possibility of favorable and unfavorable outcomes. Trust, power and persuasion play a significant role in negotiations. A high degree of trust with the parties will lead to an effective negotiation in the contract

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 23

Marketing - Essay ExampleThese uncontrollable elements often decide how an organisation operates - countries have different demographic attributes, tax structures, political and legal environments. Apple Inc. is one such orgabisation that has worked hard to create an image of a people oriented caller and thus it has been a top priority for the company to identify with the masses and create a community (Weiss A., 2005).Challenges are immense for a global company it faces issues like contrary exchange rate fluctuations, unstable government, shifting borders, corruption and counterfeiting. In spite of this it is a prerogative for the companies to internationalize their operations. They need to go closer to the markets they serve and stick local factors of production into consideration. Multinational organisations have definite marketing objectives in mind when they venture into operations. The biggest queries center around their choice of country (which is determined by the competi tive advantage, market attractiveness and risk associated with the nation), the mode of entry (different modes differ on the level of profit potential, risk, control and most importantly, commitment), and finally, the way in which the company adapts its marketing program to the local specifications.Before going into the details of Globalisation, Localisation and Glocalisation, it may be beneficial to understand how a company is faced with the contend of adapting its marketing campaign which involves the product(s), the marketing communication, the distribution format that the company adopts and the price at which the company decides to sell. Straight extension, product adaptation or product inventions are the strategically poised options open to the firm on the product front. It basically deals with the decision of the company to go with its existing portfolio,

Food Advertising and Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food Advertising and merchandise - Essay ExampleFoods marketed to children ar predominantly high in sugar and fat, and as such are inconsistent with national dietary recommendations. The purpose of my dissertation will be to ascertain the food advertising and merchandise channels used to target children and adolescents and the impact of food advertising on childrens eating behavior.Issue of fairness I remember like most parents and consumer protection groups that advertising directly to children is dangerous and unethical as it can be deceptive and manipulative. It also promotes consumerism and poor nutritional habits to a defenseless target audience .To create awareness and promote stricter Regulations In the UK, as compared to many other European nations, there are currently fewer policies or standards for food advertising and marketing aimed at children. For example, The Nordic countries are at the forefront of protecting children from the effects of advertising. Sweden has the strictest controls in Europe and in 1991 instituted a ban on television and radio advertising targeted at children under the age of 12. The Swedish government views advertising to children as morally and ethically unacceptable, since children suffer difficulty distinguishing between the purpose of advertising and other modes of communication. In Belgium, it is forbidden to broadcast commercials during childrens programs as well as during the 5 minutes before and by and by them. (National Council of Better Business, 2003).So I believe that more research and analysis in this area is required in the UK to create more awareness of the importance of the fall out at hand. This in turn would hopefully encourage the concerned authorities to introduce stricter laws to protect our children.A Need to explore all channels of Marketing When I examined the existing body of literature review on my chosen subject, I found that majority of the focus of the current and ongoing analysis of tel l on promotions to children is on television advertising. While the huge impact of television advertising on vulnerable children cannot be denied, there also needs to be comprise focus on other increasingly popular ways of advertising like the internet, schools, video games, movies, kids clubs etc. A good understanding of the above mentioned marketing techniques is essential to completely eradicate the corruption of childrens minds.Literature ReviewFood AdvertisingIt is estimated that in UK , the food industry spent in excess of 0.3 billion in 1999 promoting unhealthy food products.(Advertising Association Yearbook,2000). These are processed foods which contain high levels of fat and/or sugar and/or salt and include confectionery, crisps and luscious snacks, soft drinks and other so-called fast or pre-prepared convenience foods. In July 2001 Sustain published TV Dinners, a report which examines the nature and extent of food advertising during childrens TV programmes(Sustain,2001) .The study shows that between 95% and 99% of the food advertising during childrens programming is for fatty and/or sugary and/or salty foods. Fatty and

The Korean War Essay Example for Free

The Korean state of struggle EssayThe Korean state of war was wholeness of the infamous proxy warfares waged during the tense Cold War period, between the United States of America and the Soviet Union. In that period, the overwhelming concern facing the free world, helmed by America, was the realization of the Truman Doctrine, which in effect included the containment of the Soviet Union and the aversion of an ominous political and military phenomenon known as the Domino resultant.The Domino Effect was the belief that should a state or country fall into the throes of Communism, surrounding countries would one by one begin to fall into the hands of the Soviet Union, heralding the real real possibility of a Third World War and all-out nuclear war. Hostilities began on the 25th of June, 1950, apparently instigated by the North Koreans more specifically, the elective Peoples Republic of Korea Army (Evanhoe, Ed. 2002 http//www. korean-war. com/TimeLine/1950/06-25to08-03-50. h tml). The South Korean response and the United States support for the military engagement began in earnest within the next couple of days.The war escalated through the following months, and casualties mounted on both sides till an armistice was signed on 27 July, 1953. The war could be viewed in three hard-hitting phases, i. e. the Opening Situation from June to September 1950, the United Nations counterattack from September to November 1950, and toward the ceasefire line November 1950 to July 1953 (Dwight D. Eisenhower, p. 173). For the United States, it was a costly involvement that saw a total of 29,557 deaths, 92,934 wounded, and 7,245 lay as prisoners-of-war (Evanhoe, Ed. 2002 http//www. korean-war. com/TimeLine/1953/timeline1953.html). Yet, it was seen as a very necessary action in the light of the international political arena both then and now. The Korean War was an important preface to the Vietnam War, which saw a much more heavy engagement and stunning military losses suffered by the United States. It was the major skirmish that occurred after World War II, and should be recognized as such because of the significant implications that surrounded its conflagration and escalation. It is notable as the powers that be supplying the elements and movement of war really belonged to the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.That the war was waged on Korean soil by the North and South Koreans was just a physical representation. Again, this booking was perpetuated by ideological and political differences and would be fleshed out over again in another time on another turf. The Korean War was at once both critical and unfortunate. It is referred to sometimes as the Forgotten War, simply because it was sandwiched between World War II and the Vietnam War, the former because of the horrific scale of the contrast and the latter because of the intricacies and long-drawn out battle timeline.Psychologically, however, the Korean War represented an important milestone for anti-communist sentiments and international support for a United States military presence as the World leader, and the global policeman. In truth, the Korean War in the eyes of the United States was more of a police action than a war that was an take into account response to unsolicited hostilities waged against their key ally. One might be forgiven for the view that the Korean War was much ado about nothing, for there was very teentsy real land reallocation and it ended in a technical stalemate (Korean War History Guide, n.d. http//history. searchbeat. com/koreanwar. htm). There was plenty of huff and puff on all sides, and there were many two-eyed violet negotiations and overtures throughout. Today, the war has not officially ended, and both Koreas are still technically at war. They had been observing an uncertain peace for the last fifty years and one can surmise that without the vitriolic might and fervor of both the Soviet Union and China that existed then in that period of world history, North Korea had no real impetus to engage the South in yet another conflict.Today also, the world is witnessing a very isolated North Korea devoid of even its closest allys support, for it is not in Chinas interest in all prize to support any possible conflagration. Should North Korea choose to be an enfant terrible and pick a fight with the South, it would really be doing so as a lonely and desperate attempt to regain its largely irrelevant dominance and imagined presence on the world stage. No longer would it be a thinly-cloaked war of belligerence waged by the Communist powers that be.REFERENCES Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change 1953-56 (Garden City, NY Doubleday Company, Inc. 1963), p. 173 Evanhoe, Ed. 2002 http//www. korean-war. com/TimeLine/1950/06-25to08-03-50. html Retrieved on 30 May 2010. Evanhoe, Ed. 2002 http//www. korean-war. com/TimeLine/1953/timeline1953. html Retrieved on 30 May 2010. Korean War History Guide, n. d. http//histo ry. searchbeat. com/koreanwar. htm Retrieved on 30 May 2010.

BA (Hons) Accounting Essay Example for Free

BA (Hons) Accounting EssayAbstractIn damage Transpargonncy in Supply Chains Demystification of the Cooperation Tenet article, the authors would like to deliver the message about studies on open-book accounting to rivet on mainly on the functions and difficulties, determinants and consequences, and of interorganizational cost management. To offer a new direction, authors seek to detect and systematize applications of open-book accounting. They follow a qualitative approach to analyze why and how open-book accounting is cosmos used in practice. Data were obtained from 59 interviews conducted with purchasing experts and analyzed through content analysis. Authors find that being used for interorganizational cost management, open-book accounting is used in price management. This includes increasing negotiation pressure on a supplier. Based on this finding, we develop a framework to systematize different open-book accounting uses jibe to both underlying motives for cost transparency and purchasing strategies. The research finding the following to channelize that cost transparency fanny be used to procure to support price management and that it does not necessarily require a trusting and cooperative customer supplier relationship.The background of cost transparencyA qualitative research design supplemented by quantitative analysis. Set up a three-tiered design that wholeows us to evaluate all of the aspects indicated above. Using an online questionnaire that was designed to all affirm or contradict the results obtained from the interviews and to allow for certain quantitative analyses. From a total of 59 interviewees, and received 46 completed questionnaires. Take into account the reversal perspective. To support the results, especially for data manipulation, authors conducted 18 interviews with sales experts. Use the data retrieved from the three step to analysis and explanation on Open-book accounting uses and the article make up Transparency in Supply C hains Demystification of the Cooperation TenetIntroductionCost transparency in the supply chain is the ability to discover how much a particular stock costs, treatment costs or service costs, preferably before receiving the stock, treatment or service. The cost of suppliers is mostly unknown to buyer. We have no way to price in an any services or the cost of a stock, nor do we find pricing published anywhere that helps us comparing prices to make better consumer decisions. Cost transparency uses are difference methods in many difference area reform efforts to understand if supplier price increases are justified. We dont want to pay too much, but you dont want to knock him down either Literature ReviewIn the world, India is the fourth largest economy and expected to become the fastest growing greater economic in the next few decades. To achieve its economic and development goals, the Indian government targeted the economic growth rates of about 8-10 percent a year for the next few d ecades. (Rastogi, 2011)The equilibrize batting order is a strategic preparedness and management tool that helps an organization understand and work towards, and allows monitoring the indicators. A completed card system aligns the organizations picture, with business strategy and day-to-day operation, the run intoment of the strategy developed by the direction. Strategic performance measures are the better way to notify the decision-making and show progress toward the desiredresults. The organization can buoy focus on the most important areas that they are needed to achieve its vision, at the same time it helps an organization make effectiveness objective. (Sharma, 2009)At fork up, the ratiod menu is used as strategic analysis system, which indispensable within the strategic management field for future organizations and the competitive business environment. Although balanced scorecard is wide used, but the model has some issues are unable to supply the quantitative indica tors and measure the relative important weights for severally perspective contribution. The problems associated with the operations apply long term strategy has difficult to found by a good number of firms.Firms as well as knowledge of its picture in the future requires more information, compared to monetary functional standards that evaluates the strategies and long term view of the firm as well as strategies in operational achievement. Balance scorecard has used for designing and determining strategic operation. The model of balanced scorecard provides the artifice for comparison to obtain many kind of perspective on the strategic decisions taking into consideration for the impact on customers, employee learning, finances and customers. (Sorooshian, 2014)Research MethodologyThe balance scorecard approach is to improve the firm performance. From previous research, Kaplan and Norton (1992) developed an modern incorporate performance scorecard that provides a framework for sele cting multiple key performance indicators that supplement traditional financial measure short term operational controls to the long term strategy of the business. The research suggested mixed results, however, the results confined only to Europe and North America. (Kothari C.R., 2004)To provide evidences to support the balance scorecard is a widely accepted tool for management to achieve different kinds of balance between short and long run operational purposes, Anand et al. conducted a questionnaire on performance scorecard and sent out to chief financial ships officer (CFO) in India for response. The questionnaire sent to all 579 companies included multinational corporations from a major constituent of Indian corporatesector, however, only 9% response rate from CFOs. Based on the responses, about half of the responses apply balance scorecard. (Kothari C.R., 2004)Anand et al. used field research that they mail questionnaire to each companys chief financial officer for response. T hey identified the social and economic background of respondents however, there are limitations for the methodology. According to the response rate, the survey was promising that the firm does not respond on time and may have non-response bias, which occurs in statistical surveys if the answers of respondents differ from the potential answers of those who did not answer. For example, the chief financial officer with a high workload may not answer the survey because they do not have enough time to answer it, and/or those with a low workload may decline to respond for perceive them as unnecessary. If they found is not necessary or not favorable to the firm, they will decidedly ignore the survey. Therefore, non-response bias may make the measured value for the different effects of the above biases happen to offset each other. . (Kothari C.R., 2004)Data CollectionThe balance scorecard approach is an attempt to arrive different kinds of balance between short run and long run, different perspectives of the of the scorecard, between measuring change and the present position, and between market image and internal focus. It is useful for both strategic and operational purposes. To implement it successfully, it essential enjoy widespread support from the company.The questionnaire sent to all 579 companies included multinational corporations from a major constituent of Indian corporate sector, however, only 9% response rate from Chief financial officers. It does not without delay reflect those companies actual status. Chief financial officers are the most understanding to the financial situation of a company. If the questionnaire replies from an assistant, clerk or other non-important staff, it would be no more truthfulness. The data impact this research authenticity. It would be more truthful if the questionnaire replies form an important person of company.Table 7 on the research show that only 54.2 per cent of the respondents agree the initial choice of key perform ance indicators at the design stage of the balance scorecard has been substantially validated. Almost a half of the respondents just validates partly or validates to a limited extent. The validated of the research design stage was too low. Actually, in design stage can be change the visitor more validate to balance scorecard. It can let the research more to fit in with the purpose.Table 1 on the research show that the visitor is major in 3 types of industry(15.09 per cent on other, 13.21 per cent on consumer durable, personal care and food product, and 11.32 per cent on engineering and capital goods). The distributed of industry was not average to Indian companies. It cannot impact the situation of balance scorecard in Indian companies.ConclusionThe balanced scorecard is a set of measuring and managing the performance tool. It is focus on the processes and achieving the result. The purpose of the balanced scorecard is to manage and ensure the organizations strategy will be fulfill a nd achieve the objective. Based on the above article, we have some of the strength, weakness and limitation of using balanced scorecard in the organization. Benefits include align the reach to strategy effectively. Balanced scorecard is a powerful system through strategy map, less strategy will align with the financial perspective. By using the balanced scorecard which helps the organization achieves the target and improves the level of management. Also, balanced scorecard maybe causes business unit gain the competitive advantages leading to the benefit to the financial performance.Balanced scorecard has unable to supply the quantitative indicators and measure the relative important weights for each perspective contribution. But the method of quantitative may germinate too much performance measures. It is quite difficulties in generating non-financial indicators, but the financial indicators not a certain problem. Sometimes, less bring out onhuman alternative maybe the greatest weakness of balanced scorecard. There have competitive factors with innovation and knowledge which is the big challenge in current organization.When the organizations key drivers change, the balanced scorecard must be update such changed. At the same time, resources and organizational capabilities should act as limitation for small organization. equal with specific industry, there have some limitation or maybe use the balanced scorecard frequently. Any changes in environment, customers and competitors to be more highlight the effect of using the adequate balanced scorecard.If you want to accomplish more easily, should be coordinate with four perspectives, customer, financial, internal business and learning and growth. Nowadays, balanced scorecard is commonly used in the organization. Adopt a good balanced scorecard should be state your strategies with the objective and measure which you have choose. In the organization, everyone must understand each specific strategy, help organiza tions to acquire full successes. The most important point is the business must maintain updated balanced scorecard and align with needs of today.Bibliography1. Rastogi, N. P. (2011) Winds of Change Indias Emerging Climate Strategy, The International Spectator, Vol. 46, No. 2, June 2011, pp. 127141 2. Sharma, A. (2009) Implementing Balance Scorecard for Performance Measurement, The Icfai University 10 Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. VI, No. 1, p. 11 3. Sorooshian, S (2014) Study on Unbalanceness of the Balanced Scorecard, Faculty of Industrial Management, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia, Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 8, 2014, no. 84, 4163 4169

Aristotle view on politics Essay Example for Free

Aristotle view on politics EssayPolitical acquisition studies the tasks of the politician or statesman (politikos), in much the way that medical science concerns the work of the physician ( follow Politics IV. 1). It is, in fact, the body of knowledge that such practitioners, if truly expert, will also wield in pursuing their tasks. The or so crucial task for the politician is, in the role of lawgiver (nomothetes), to frame the appropriate constitution for the city-state. This involves enduring laws, customs, and institutions (including a system of moral education) for the citizens. Once the constitution is in place, the politician needs to take the appropriate measures to maintain it, to introduce reforms when he finds them necessary, and to prevent developments which might subvert the semipolitical system. This is the province of legislative science, which Aristotle regards as much important than politics as exercised in everyday political activity such as the passing of d ecrees (see EN VI. 8). Aristotle frequently compares the politician to a craftsman.The semblance is imprecise because politics, in the strict sense of legislative science, is a form of practical knowledge, while a craft like architecture or medicinal drug is a form of productive knowledge. However, the comparison is valid to the extent that the politician produces, operates, maintains a legal system according to universal principles (EN VI. 8 and X. 9). In regularise to appreciate this analogy it is helpful to observe that Aristotle explains the production of an artifact in terms of four causes the material, formal, efficient, and last causes (Phys.II. 3 and Met. A. 2).For example, clay (material cause) is molded into a vase bring into being (formal cause) by a potter (efficient or moving cause) so that it can contain liquid (final cause). (For discussion of the four causes see the entry on Aristotles physics. ) peerless can also explain the existence of the city-state in term s of the four causes. It is a kind of community (koinonia), that is, a collection of parts having some functions and interests in common (Pol. II. 1. 1261a18, III. 1. 1275b20).Hence, it is made up of parts, which Aristotle describes in various ways in different contexts as households, or economic classes (e. g. , the rich and the poor), or demes (i. e. , local political units). But, ultimately, the city-state is composed of individual citizens (see III. 1. 1274a3841), who, along with natural resources, are the material or equipment out of which the city-state is fashioned (see VII. 14. 1325b38-41). The formal cause of the city-state is its constitution (politeia).Aristotle defines the constitution as a certain ordering of the inhabitants of the city-state (III. 1. 1274b32-41). He also speaks of the constitution of a community as the form of the compound and argues that whether the community is the same over time depends on whether it has the same constitution (III. 3. 1276b111). The constitution is not a written document, but an immanent organizing principle, analogous to the soul of an organism. Hence, the constitution is also the way of life of the citizens (IV. 11.1295a40-b1, VII. 8. 1328b1-2).hither the citizens are that minority of the resident population who possess full political rights (III. 1. 1275b1720). The existence of the city-state also requires an efficient cause, namely, its ruler. On Aristotles view, a community of any assortment can possess order only if it has a ruling element or authority. This ruling principle is defined by the constitution, which sets criteria for political offices, particularly the self-governing office (III. 6. 1278b810 cf. IV. 1. 1289a1518).However, on a deeper level, there must be an efficient cause to explain why a city-state acquires its constitution in the first place. Aristotle states that the person who first established the city-state is the cause of very great benefits (I. 2. 1253a301). This person was eviden tly the lawgiver (nomothetes), someone like Solon of Athens or Lycurgus of Sparta, who founded the constitution. Aristotle compares the lawgiver, or the politician more generally, to a craftsman (demiourgos) like a weaver or shipbuilder, who fashions material into a finished product (II.12. 1273b323, VII. 4. 1325b401365a5).The notion of final cause dominates Aristotles Politics from the opening lines Since we see that every city-state is a sort of community and that every community is established for the interestingness of some good (for everyone does everything for the sake of what they believe to be good), it is clear that every community aims at some good, and the community which has the most authority of all and includes all the others aims highest, that is, at the good with the most authority.This is what is called the city-state or political community. I. 1. 1252a17 Soon after, he states that the city-state comes into being for the sake of life but exists for the sake of the good life (2. 1252b2930). The theme that the good life or happiness is the proper end of the city-state recurs throughout the Politics (III. 6. 1278b17-24, 9. 1280b39 VII. 2. 1325a710).To sum up, the city-state is a hylomorphic (i. e., matter-form) compound of a particular population (i. e. , citizen-body) in a given soil (material cause) and a constitution (formal cause). The constitution itself is fashioned by the lawgiver and is governed by politicians, who are like craftsmen (efficient cause), and the constitution defines the aim of the city-state (final cause, IV. 1. 1289a1718). For a further discussion of this topic, see the following supplementary document