Western Heritage 8th Edition

Brittney Henley Pd. 2A Chapter 12 Age of Religious Wars Key Topics -War amongst Calvinists and Catholics in France. -The Spanish occupation of the Netherlands. -Struggle for supremacy between England and Spain. -The devastation of Central atomic number 63 during the Thirty age War. Vocabulary Notes Counter Reformation- A movement at bottom the Rome Renewed Religious Struggle Catholic Church that sought to revitalize the stay of Augsburg (1555)- A regions rule would determine its religion, However it church and struggle Protestantism. did not recognize Non Lutheran Protestants Geneva became a refuge for persecuted protestants and an international school for Baroque Art- 3 dimensional display of life and protestant leaders energy. Politiques- Ruler who urged tolerance and French Wars of Religion sobriety and compromise on ghostlike matters Anti-Protestant Measures and the struggle for political major power French Protestants are kn receive as Huguenots. The y were persecuted by the French, when force Charles of Germany / Spain captured Huguenots- French Protestants. Frances King. To pacify King Charles, France persecutes the Huguenots in the hopes of gaining the freedom of the King of France. revision of FontainebleauSubjected French Protestants to the inquisition France remain hostile to the protestants until King Henry of Navarre gains the throne 3 competing fraction for the Kings (Francis II) pinna in France Bourbons- power in the south and west Montmorency-Chatillons- constraintled the center of France pretences- dominate in eastern France / Strongest power and had more influence over the king due to family connection Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons developed strong Huguenot sympathies Conspiracy of Amboise (1560) Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons plot to kidnap the king of France (Frances II) Appeal of Calvinism Huguenots were in important geographic areas and were heavily re pre directed among the more omnipotent segments of French society. They wanted to establish sovereignty with in France. Catherine De Medici and the Guises Catherine mother to 15 year old Frances II be incurs the regent of France upon the death of her husband Henry II. On the death of Frances II her younger son Charles IX becomes king where she resides as regent. Catherine fears the power of the Guiles family and sought entirelyiances with the Protestants. She issues the January Edict which each(prenominal)ows protestants freedom to worship publicly outside of towns. Duke of Guise surprised a protestant congregation at Vassy, Champagne and massacred the worshipers.This is the beginning of the French wars of Religion show 1562 Peace of ideal-Germain-en-Laye (1570) Ended the thirty year war, the crown acknowledging the power of the Protestant nobility, granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territory. Catherine fearing the mou nting power of the other two families and Protestants she Coligny leader of the Huguenots, Charles IX mostcultivates the jut out of the Guise. trusted advisor. The Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre Catherine tried to have Coligny assassinated by a bullet.Fearing the fallout from the attempt, she convinces King Charles that the Huguenots were attempting to attack Paris On Saint Bartholomews Day August 24, 1572, Coligny and 3000 Huguenots were massacred in Paris. Within 3 age other 20,000 were executed The Rise to Power of Henry Navarre Henry tierce sought the middle ground and gained support from a growing body of Protestant Resistance Theory neutral Catholics and Huguenots. John Knox- wrote First down of the Trumpet Peace of Beaulieu (May 1576)- granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and against the Terrible Regiment of Women civil freedom. It was later(prenominal) recanted because of political pressure of the Catholic -He declared removal o f a heathen tyrant was unite. Both religious orders pick up arms. permissible Henry Navarre led the Protestant army. Henry III brother-in-law) Francois Hotman- wrote Franco-Gallia -Humanist argument that lesson Estate Day of the Barricades Henry III surprise attack on the Catholic League (Spain common held more authority then the French king Supported) and failed. Henry then assassinated the Duke and central of Guise. Reprisal from the League was fierce causing Henry III to join forces with Henry Theodore Beza- wrote On the Right of Magistrates Navarre. Henry III was killed Henry IV (Navarre) is the next successor to the Over their Subjects throne. -Permissible for lower authorities to over hold up tyrannical rulers Protestant as king, the League wants France to be Catholic but politically weak so Spain sends in force to help achieve this goal in hopes of putting his daughter Philippe du Plessis Mornay- Defense of Liberty on the throne. Against Tyrants The F rench rallied behind their king disbanding the League and outing the Spanish. -Princes, Nobles and magistrates are guardians Henry IV turns Catholic.Ending the war of religion in France and to take up arms against tyranny in other land Edict of Nantes Proclaimed a formal religious settlement it recognized minor religions in an official Catholic country accordance of Vervins -ended hostility between France and Spain Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II Gold Silver and bullion were being merchandise from Spains colonies in the New World. The increased wealth and population in large cities in Europe triggered inflation. Fewer jobs, less food, wages stagnated and greater coinage in circulation while prices increased. The Revolt in the Netherlands- Antoine Perrenot- Cardinal Granvelle. Perrenot hoped to break the local autonomy of the Netherlands providences and establish a centralized royal government directed from Madrid, and religious conformity to Catholic. Granvelle proceeded to reorganize the Netherlands. William of Nassau (Prince of chromatic) & Count of Egmont organized the Dutch nobility in opposition, which had Granvelle removed from bunk The Compromise- Margaret (Regent of Spain) spurned the protesters. Leads them to call for aid and rebel against Spain however the nobility does not support the rebellion. Duke of Alba-sent to the Netherlands to gain control back. He had several thousand suspected heretics publicly executed. He then taxed the people of Netherlands to pay for the suppressing of the revolt. heartsease of Ghent- November 4 1576 Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp killing 7000 people in the streets known as the Spanish fury. Pacification of Ghent (November 8, 1575)- Catholic regions and Protestant regions in the Netherlands unified to oppose Spain. Perpetual Edict- provided for removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands w ithin 20 days. Netherlands Independence- King of Spain Phillip II declared William of Orange an outlaw. December 1580 William of Orange publicly denounced Phillip as a Heathen and tyrant and should not be obeyed. Known as The Apology. Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Netherlands is fully recognized England and Spain 1553-1603 pic Jane Grey (granddaughter to Henry), 3rd king bloody shame I reign lasted 5 years Edward VI died. Lady Jane Grey tried to ascend to throne. Mary Tudor was the rightful heir. Grey-9 days magnate then beheaded. Mary marries Prince Philip II of Spain. Mary Had Parliament repeal the Protestant laws.Mary Decreed all of England Catholic, burned Protestant leaders at the stake. Dies 1558 The Compromise A solemn pledge to resist the Elizabeth I takes throne 1558 decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. Daughter of Henry and half sister to Mary. Advisor William Cecil. Passed laws fo r religious toleration Act of advantage 1559- Repealing all anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor. Phillip II seeks marriage with Elizabeth. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots seeks England throne. Supporters claim Elizabeth is illegitimate. Queen of Scots is the granddaughter to Henry the VIIIs sister Margaret. Raised French and Catholic. Deterioration of Relation with Spain Spanish Duke of Alba (1547)- marched troops into the Netherlands England sees this as a threat due its close proximity to England. Elizabeth allows pirating of Spanish vessels. Mary Queen of Scots Elizabeth executes Mary Queen of Scotts (second cousin) for plotting against the crown. Marys husband is killed by her lover, who is acquitted, and then marries Mary. This causes outrage from her people. Mary surrenders her throne to her one year old son James VI, who later becomes Elizabeths heir to throne. The pope authorize Spain to invade England for the killing of Mary who was their hope to turn England Catholic The Armanda May 30 1587 -130 ships with 25,000 sailors sent to invade England. Spain wanted the ships to dock in France before continuing the invasion. France prohibits the ships from leaving and a fog roles in around the channel. England has advantage and wins. Thirty Year War Preconditions for War Germany = Holly Rome Germany consists of 360 autonomous entities. Each had its own tolls, taxes, coins and religion, making it difficult to travel and do business Four bounds of War- itinerant (1618-1625) Swedish (1630-1635) Danish (1625-1629) Swedish-French (1635-1648) Bohemian Period- Ferdinand ascends to the throne and wants to call up the region to Catholicism. He revokes the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants. Defenestration of Prague- Protestant nobility in Prague throw Ferdinand IIIs regents out of window in reaction to the revoke of religious freedoms. Th ey did not die, get on manure which cushioned their fall. Ferdinand was managed to subdue the Protestants and re-Catholicize Bohemian Danish Period- (1625-1629) Lutheran King Christian IV of Demark picks up Protestant banner-invades Germany and loses. Ferdinand attacks Demark and breaks Protestant resistance. Causes fear among all Protestants. Edict of Restitution in 1629- Calvinism is illegal and orders the return of all church lands acquired by the Lutherans. The Swedish Periods (1630-1635) Gustavus Adolphus king of Sweden Was a unified Lutheran nation, bankrolled by France, an wished to bear on the Habsburg armies tied down in Germany. Adolphus won several battles due to a lighter army and conk out weapons. Adolphus is killed on the battlefield. Peace of Prague in 1635- majority of the Protestants states reached a compromise with Ferdinand, barring the Swedes Peace of Prague plunged them into the fourth war. T he Swedish-French Period (1635-1648) The French join the war in 1635. Dragged on for 13 years with Spanish, French and Swedish soldiers robbery Germany. About 1/3 of the German population died as a direct result of the war. agreement of Westphalia- The Treaty of Westphalia 1648 -brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to an end.Ended Edict of Restitution and reasserted the Peace of Augsburg, which allows each ruler to determine its religion. German princes become supreme over their principalities. Summary From Martin Luthers death in 1546 until the middle of the seventeenth century, European life was dominated by religiously and politically inspired violence. France descended into almost 50 years of civil war before emerging with a united monarchy under the harm of the Edict of Nantes in 1598. Spain escaped civil strife and remained firmly Catholic.Spains American empire provided Brobdingnagian wealth, but Spain failed to subdue Prot estant nationalism in the Netherlands and suffered defeat of its Armada naval fleet at the workforce of the English. As a result, Spains position in international affairs declined. Unlike the French, the English managed to invalidate civil war under the inspired leadership of Queen Elizabeth I. In Germany, the original center of the Reformation, Lutherans and Catholics had come to tolerate each other. But in the early seventeenth century the temporary compromises collapsed. The resulting free-for-all, known as the Thirty Years War (16181648), consumed much of Europes energies until it was resolved in the Peace of Westphalia. Elizabeth I 4th, Queen Mary I 2nd, Queen Edward VI 1st, King Henry VIII King