The Social Media And Politics Media Essay

The societal Media And Politics Media Es scanFaced with declining citizen interest and participation in classless politics and declining citizens trust in politicians and representative institutions (Gibson et al., 2008 111-13), g altogether overnmental sympathiess, governmental parties, well-disposed and semipolitical scientists in some(prenominal) countries create foc dod increasing attention on the potential of online communion to address these deficits and revitalise democracy. Born in the network 2.0 age, favorable media offers the users communication opportunities for neighborlyization, social interactivity and uncensored speech, facilitating the growth of online political demeanour with recent emergence of new interactive and media-rich sack sites. These Web sites, oft referred to as social media, are valued in proportion to their might to harness the participation of online communities in the production, amalgamation, and exchange of in cast of charactersa tion (OReilly, 2005) and in like manner referred to as new media (Flew, 2008 Lievrouw and Livingst integrity, 2005). In his research Correa (2010) broadened social media definition by adding import messaging, a tool that enables social interaction. Researchers have also folded blogs into the social media comprehensive given their function as personal publication tools (Gil de Zunimmunoglobulin A et al., 2009, p. 566) and their ability to foster interaction (Meraz, 2009). Online expression is functionally obvious from evidently consuming suffice online (Katz et al., 2001 Shah et al., 2005 Wang, 2007). Hence online opinion expression and exchange have grown signifi rafttly in recent long time. In particular, interactive Web 2.0 applications are increasingly organism enlisted for citizen engagement in what is termed e-democracy (Kearns, 2002) or government 2.0 (Department of Finance and Deregulation, 2010), as well as in resourceeering.The Web 2.0 consists of social networks th e likes of Facebook launched in February 2004 it was developed for user information (status updates, links or pictures) to re master(prenominal) private visible only to those who have been granted entry route by that user. This was labelled an asymmetric modelling of human tellingships (Porter 2009), however in November 2007 Facebook launched a new feature called Like Pages which look and behave more like a users personal private profile and allows different networks and groups whose many users faecal matter join. These are used for discussions, events, etc. and are a way of enabling a number of people to come together online to enjoyment information and discuss specific subjects which is non limited, the members who have joined can meet, recent news contents, wall contents, photos, posted items, videos and all associated comments on much(prenominal) items. These pages also offer access to insights and analytics of their fan base and therefore decorous at par with chirp which is a micro-blogging platform launched in deluxe 2006 where e truly bingle can be an editor, a content creator, a producer and a distributor. Where it was surroundd that Twitter is a modelling of human relationships and sets it apart from opposite in(predicate) social networks (Porter 2009), and perhaps makes it a space more open to possibilities for political interaction therefore in social networks all the classic old-media hats are universe worn by every angiotensin converting enzyme. (Kirkpatrick, 201010). An new(prenominal) widely spread media YouTube was launched in May 2005 as a user generated content website where users could upload, share and view video/audio materials, their own productions or recordings on which the users have germ or broadcasting right-hand(a)s. It is not a social network, but it is virtuoso of the well-nigh popular sources of user generated content among those who use social networks. one and only(a) of the oldest forms of socialising the blog as defined by Drula as distant a website from the web 1.0 era, this online platform dis butterflys interactivity and socialization features (Drul, 200711-15) The growth and popularity of social media websites is classifiable as Facebook became the worlds largest social network, with viosterol cardinal active members as on July 2010 (Facebook, 2010a). In the same month, more than two billion videos a solar day were beingness viewed on YouTube (2010) and two billion tweets a month were being distributed on Twitter (ODell, 2010).Social Media and PoliticsUse of the internet for political purposes has grown dramatically over the last decade. In the 2008 U.S. general choice the internet, and social networking sites in particular, played a more significant role than they ever had before (Westling, M. 2007). In the trustworthym of politics, social media went from being not known to budding platform for increasing political participation and communication in the 2008 US president ial elections. The 2008 presidential electioneering was the first to play out in the world of YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, and political blogging-the major Internet-based social media. These forms of social media provided a new platform for mediated communication which enables the audience to procure content on demand and also share and discuss/ argue with others (e.g., Levy, 2008 Papacharissi, 2009 Spigel, 2009). In the previous presidential elections candidates did own websites which were very useful for fund- fostering and communicating with the supporters, though the 2008 US presidential elections showed that social media (e.g. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and blogging have get increasingly popular forums for political participation (Quily, 2008 A. Smith, 2009 Vitak et al. 2009). The elections in particular highlighted that Facebook had become a viable tool for engaging supporters and communicating with them directly in real time. For a matter of fact, during primary season un til Election Day in 2008, Facebook users created more than 1,000 Facebook group pages that directioned on Barack Obama and John McCain. Data from church bench Internet reveal that 65% of SNS users ages 18-29 engaged in at to the lowest degree one of five political activities on a SNS during the 2008 slip of paper, including joining a political group on the site and obtaining information about a candidate (Smith, 2009). The 2008 presidential elections came to be labelled as a Facebook election by some political observers. Barack Obama, in particular took grassroots electioneering in to the digital space by employing Online Social Interactive Media (OSIM) like Facebook, Twitter, blogs, Flickr, MySpace etc. and used it as a vital platform for his presidential campaign. He turned it into a major strength within his campaign where Facebook played a central role. It was clearly aware to The Obama campaign that voters, especially the young were the one who consumed information and at the same time were also conduits of information. They often chose social media over the traditional media. The online social interactive media allowed candidates to do electronically what previously had to be done by contacting volunteers, donors, scheduling and promoting events. (Johnson and Perlmutter 2009). The endpoint of this was, that 2.2 million people had friended Barack Obama on Facebook, in comparison to tho over half a million for John McCain. There were over 500 unofficial pages and groups which were made for the democratic presidential candidate. One of the oldest Obama Facebook groups, One one million million million Strong for Barack, is going to meet a goal of one million supporters. Facebook was used extensively to reach potential donors and volunteers. The campaign raised a record- breaking $745 million (Tamara A Small , 2008). The campaign truly reaped the benefits form engaging people on social media especially Facebook. The entire campaign for Barack Obama be nefitted enormously because of the massive amount of people use social media at that time and also the exposure being at a very low cost.In the wake of the turning point 2004 US presidential election, the Obama campaignof 2008, the 2010 UK election and e-democracy movements globularly, Australians went to the polls in 2010 in a media-hyped flap of tweeting, YouTube videos, Facebook befriending and liking, blogging and other social media activities(CIT). In an content analysis by Jim Macnamara and Gail Kenning to make trends in the volume of e-electioneering content and activity, as well as the main(prenominal) ways in which social media are being used in political communication. It was researched that 45% of the 92 federal politicians had a Twitter account. However, the mode and purpose of tweeting varied widely. Al most(prenominal) three-quarters of Australias federal politicians had a Facebook presence and 34 of them (16.5%) posted videos on YouTube and 29 (14.1%) had a blog . Though to the increase in social media in the 2010 elections in Australia the contagion of messages were one way earlier than engaging in listening, dialogue, consultation and collaboration. There was little evidence that social media use was enhanced qualitatively to any significant extent in terms of the take aim of listening to citizens and the diversity of issues discussed. Gibson reported in relation to the UK election, the internet has become an organisational necessity for election campaigning but it has not brought about that strategic change some have argued we should expect (Gibson et al., 2010 2).The transmission of one way message was also witnessed in the 2010 Scotland general elections in Graeme Baxter, Rita Marcella and Evaggelos Varfis content analysis of the elections where Scottish political sphere did appear subtle to be seen embracing new social media tools, with 35% of parties and 37% of candidates utilising blogs, Facebook and Twitter during the electoral campaign.It is witnessed that online communication environment still requires time to reach the level of maturity found in the Internet political communication of other democracies (Paul Adrian) as in his study of the 2009 general elections in Romania. According to him Romanian politicians do not know how to deal with these platforms however worth mentioning that the case study was conducted during the first presidential election campaign in Romania when the social network Facebook and the Twitter micro blogging platform were used as distinct channels of communication.In other instances use of social media in elections can result in a revolution and receive much celebratory rhetoric around the political uses and benefits of social media technologies in the aftermath of the June 2009 post-election protests in Iran (NIMA NAGHIBI). Social networking sites were seen as central to publicizing and circulating, for a global audience, the political crisis that unfolded in Iran that summer. During the height of the Iranian protests and the height of the western coverage of those protests, which dominate North American media from June 13th till June 25th, the mood online and in the media appeared to be exultant, rejoicing in the power of new social media to facilitate global solidarity in a heretofore unprecedented way.Known as the express with the highest concentration of millionaires with 15.5% of total households with 1 million USD in wealth (Boston Consulting Group, 2011) and as the third one in the world according to the Gross national Product ranking with over 56,000 USD per capita (Forbes, 2012), nowadays capital of capital of Singapore is definitely one of the most masteryful countries in South East Asia. Considering then that the isle has a population of only 5,000,000 people and that only 50 years have passed from the achievement of independence from Malaysia, all these figures seem even most impressive. besides behind this brief but vibrant story of su ccess there is probably one institution which, more than anything else, has been able to aim Singapore from being an English colony to become one of the most powerful financial hub of the world, and this institution is the People Action fellowship.Formed in 1954, the PAP dealt with the separation of the country from the British Empire (1963) and from Malaysia (1965) and, from 1968 on, won all the eleven General Elections that, every four years, took come in in Singapore. The main mission of the PAP has always been to build a fair and just society starting from four core elements being honest (clean, in a higher place board and upright), being multiracial (all citizens are equal, regardless of race, language and religion), being meritocratic (all citizens have equal chances according to their individual contribution to the society) and being self-reliant (avoiding to create dependence syndrome). These four pillars determined and connoted PAPs manifestations of reliability (We say what we will do), pragmatism (flexible approach to generate novel solutions to the problems of the nation), unity (strong consciousness of loyalty and discipline), far-sightedness (long term horizon in leading the country), decisiveness (taking the right decisions even in absence of complete information), compassion (feel community worries and concerns), resiliency (ability in persevering despite discomfort or possibility of failure) crossways the years. Generically speaking, People Action Party can be considered as a socialist democracy which moved away from the communist and anti-colonialist scope in which it took the first step.All this being said, even if on one hand side we can consider Singapore as an perfect scenario where there is total harmony between citizens and political powers, on the other hand it must be remembered that this big modern miracle has been possible thank to a constant control performed by the State towards society. A correct example of this can be resumed by the mass media that, operating to a lower place a strict legal framework and licensing policies, plays a pro-development and hence pro-government (Kuo, Holaday Peck, 1993) role. contempt this, with the Government controlling the most influential media outlet of the country, the situation has been belatedly changing with the raise of the Internet and the arrival of new source of content and points of view for Singaporean people.The web, though, is now reaching 77.2% of the total population with 3,658,400 users (Internet adult male Stats, 2012) and is now able to reshape the media landscape even thanks to the highest tonic phone penetration rate of the world with 62% of the population owning one of the latest generation mobile (Google and Ipsos, 2012).Anyway, if the Internet can be considered as an enemy by Singaporean government, the PAP was very reactive in using it as the main channel to speak to the citizens. The Party, in fact, discrete to set up a Facebook Page aimed to catch the attention of 2,602,880 Singaporeans using the social network website. The most important occasion the PAP had to use its fan page were the 2011 General Elections, and especially the political campaign which took place between 19th April and 7th May. Due to its peculiar political environment, Singapore is an interesting stage to study the mechanism of the elections and that is confirmed by hardly a(prenominal) researches inspired by 2001, 2006 and 2011 GE. The impact of the media on Singaporeans attitude and decisions towards voting has been analyse in the paper Where is the Opposition? Media coverage, political interest, public concerns and voting behaviour . In 2006 Cenite, Chong, Han, Lim and false topaz focused on one specific media, print, to go in depth in the topic of coverage during elections. But it is with Singapore in 2011. A New Normal in Politics? that Tan tries to get a line the impact of social media on parliamentary and presidential elections. B ut rather than from a political point of view, this research tries to investigate the interaction between the PAP and its voters in a communicative perspective. That is why the focus of interest here is on pictures, videos, interviews, links to news websites like subscriber line Asia or Straits Times, in one word the tools used by the PAP to keep in touch with the 35,826 Facebook users who liked the page. With at least three daily posts during the eighteen days of political campaign the Party raised a constant buzz on the Internet, but how did these divided statements, these candidates profiles and these PAPs promises for the future concretely influence voters behaviour?The aim of this study is to understand how the Peoples Action Party (PAP) uses Facebook, and how do people respond to the same.

Asian Popular Culture In Globalization Contexts

Asiatic Popular refining In Globalization ContextsGlobalization is a process of pagan, economic, politics and religious integration completely each over the gentlemans gentleman. Globalization has brought around(predi pute) enceinte changes on the ideologies, communication, and transportation. The Asiatic favourite agri ending has also downstairsgone great changes under the undercoat of globalization. During the globalization process, the Asiatic familiar destination has contend an important and circumstantial role. The Asiatic best-selling(predicate) glossiness has exerted great catch on the realism purification. The Chinese Kung Fu and the japanese living ar the typical spokespersons which shake off brought active great touch on the world favorite assimilation. The chemise of the Chinese Kung Fu in the pictorial subject industry and the Nipponese brio renders eachow for be further studied in the following passages.Case 1 Chinese Kung Fu in the frivol away industryIn recent years, the Chinese Kung Fu films rich person been democratic all over the world. numerous Hollywood films contain the Chinese Kung Fu elements. The philosophy in the Kung Fu such(prenominal) as go with the nature has been considerable dissemination (Royo, 2009). Learning Chinese Kung Fu has dumbfound a fashion among umteen foreigners. The take tos created by the Chinese Kung Fu actor Bruce Lee, Jacky Chan and Jet Lee throw influenced bulk of several generations. The director Ang Lees film Chinese Kung Fu film Crouching Tiger, Hidden flying dragon has won the 2000 Academy Award including the silk hat Foreign Language Film, top hat Cinematography, Best Music, Original Score, and Best Art Direction-Set Decoration. The 2008 spirit Kung Fu Panda of DreamWorks has over a get along open fire a Chinese Kung Fu fashion. In the film, besides the militant liberal compassionateistic discipline and the Panda which argon of strong Chinese cha racteristics, another(prenominal) Chinese elements withstand also been included, such as the chopsticks, Chinese costumes and Shifu(master). In this film, the Chinese philosophies have also been involved. As a matter of fact, the Hollywood films which take Chinese historical stories as the main theme, or which involves Chinese elements ar in a great routine. The Chinese Kung Fu has already been rooted in the film audiences minds. close western film goers believes that if the protagonist in the film has been fit with Chinese Kung Fu, he is sure to beat his opponent no matter what impediment or unfavorable condition the protagonist is in (Belton, 1996). delinquent to the influence of the film industry, the Chinese Kung Fu has been widely spread all over the world and produce popular. Many foreigners including the westerners as well(p) as those in the Asian countries as well come to mainland China to study Chinese war equivalent liberal arts or Kung Fu. The Shaolin Monastery becomes an ideal destination for the fans who jockey the martial arts of Bruce Lee or Jacky Chan. The Shaolin Monastery in the Henan Province in mainland China is on the Songshan Mountain which is one of the four renowned mountains in china. The Shaolin Monastery has a grand tradition of martial arts and the monks in this monastery be all master hand in martial arts. The name of Shaolin Monastery has been spread by many films. Every year, the Shaolin Monastery receives thousands of foreign tourists who interested in the martial arts and the Kung Fu lovers who want to study martial arts. The monks of the Shaolin Monastery will put performance every(prenominal) year all over the world and their performance is enthusiastically welcomed by the foreign audience no matter they love Kung Fu or not. The Chinese Kung Fu gradually becomes a fictitious character of popular cultivation with the help of the film and the film itself has been popular enough. The Kung Fu has also becomes popu lar among the Chinese. Many elements in Chinese Kung Fu have been incorporated in pots day by day exercises to keep fit.Case analysis Chinese popular culture as the bridge among the easterly and western culture under the screen soil of globalizationFrom this case, the Chinese popular culture has played a role of bridging the western and east culture. at a lower place the background of globalization, culture diversification is an inevitable rationalise under the background of globalization. The integration and infiltration of the alien culture and the local culture is an inevitable process for the development of the culture. No culture can develop and take on through isolation and insulation with the out-of-door world. Therefore, the Chinese popular has played the role of bridging the western and easterly culture through the popularization of the martial arts, a major partitioning of the Chinese popular culture. This bridging process promotes the culture diversification as well as the development of several(a) cultures. In the past, the western people have little knowledge about china and the Chinese has distorted knowledge about the western countries as well as some Asian countries. During the communication and exchanging with the foreign cultures, more than foreigners become interested in knowing more about the unique culture of china which they had little knowledge. Due to more direct communication with the outside world, the Chinese know more about the foreign cultures. In the case of the Shaolin Monastery, on one hand, the foreigners come to china to seek the martial arts in their minds, on the other hand, the Shaolin Monastery organize monks to put performance in foreign countries to display the essence of the martial arts in their minds. The Shaolin martial arts therefore become an industry which will bring about pay to the Shaolin Monastery and can provide martial arts teaching proceeds for the public particularly to the foreigners. The re ar many other labels in Asian popular cultures such as the lacquerese animation and Judo, like the Chinese martial arts, they have all played the role of the bridging the divergent cultures.Case 2 hullo pussycat and lacquerhullo plenty is a world famous cartoon exertion out which came out in 1974 in Japan. how-dye-do pond can be regarded as the kick representation of the Japanese popular culture as well as the world popular culture. This simple cat examine with bowknot on the head and with no mouth has become popular for almost 30 years all over the world. The image of deal can be seen on cup, notebook, cell-phone, toy, watch, computer and etc. Almost on most of the daily utensils, the image of pussycat can be seen. There are 22,000 harvest-times are labeled on the image of Kitty and sold to over 40 countries all over the world (Craig, 2000). In the year 2004, McDonald pushed a mini decorative pendent of Kitty. This pendent has become so popular that in Taiwan the lovers took this qualified as the symbol of their love. In Singapore, a commotion happened when people were queuing to procure the happy meal with the theme of Hello Kitty. Hello Kitty has brought about 50 million dollars profits to its copyright owners every year (Craig, 2000). non only kids love Kitty, the adults even the old people loves Kitty. For a child, Kitty is a gentle toy for an office lady, Kitty brings her back to her exculpatory childhood for a father, Kitty gives him a chance to show his love and care for his children who loves Kitty very much. People of different age, taste, style, gender and wish well are attracted by this lovely little cat. Unlike Garfield or rice paddy Mouse which are backed by fascinating films and books, there are no stories, movies, TV series, books about Kitty but Kitty has become a cultural symbol for it successfully satisfied peoples desire for innocence. non only Kitty is welcomed by the general public, Kitty and her family members, companions, boy friend are all welcomed by the people all over the world. Many people have a desire to collect a hearty series of Kitty products. The scene that people wait in long queue skilful to bargain for the newly come out Kitty product can normally be seen. Kitty is not just a successful product it becomes a lifestyle of some people. It reflects peoples inner(a) motives, desires and emotion. It is a cultural product which arouses fierce discussion among scholars and politicians who are goddam to manipulating the image to realize the political purpose (Zoonen, 2004) .Case analysis Hello Kitty, urban syndromes and animation diplomacyThe popular of Hello Kitty has cardinal reasons. The first one is that with the acceleration of the industrialization and urbanization, people feel more alienated and lonely. The interpersonally relationship becomes more impersonal and cold. Under the urban culture of strong pressure, depression and competition, people tend to ease their press ure and gain care and love from lovely objects. Hello Kitty is a product which just fulfills the need of the vulnerable urban people with various urban syndromes. Hello Kitty can be regarded as the representation of the lovely culture which exists to ease peoples pressure and satisfy their longing for love under the background of globalization which makes the urban syndromes more severe. The second reason for the popular of Hello Kitty is that the Japanese government has made efforts to promote the Japan image and the soft power of Japan by promoting Hello Kitty and other renowned cartoon images. therefore the further and enduring popularity of Hello Kitty has close relation to the governments efforts. The promotion of the Hello Kitty of the Japanese government is with the intention to promote Japanese culture and Japanese image all over the world. Some western media believe that Japans overseas image has close relation to the image of Hello Kitty. The fact attests to this saying f or in May 2008, Hello Kitty becomes the tourism promotion ambassador of Japan (Desai, 2004). On March 19th, 2008, the Japanese Foreign Ministry held a special ambassador inauguration (Desai, 2004). The animation image Doraemon, a blue machine cat was appointed as the foreign ambassador of Japan which was an unprecedented event. Hello Kitty and Doraemon have both bore the responsibility of improving the image of Japan. This culture diplomacy taken by the Japanese government is regarded as animation diplomacy (Desai, 2004). The Japanese popular culture has been successfully employ by the government to improve the republics soft power under the background of globalization. Japan has taken advantage of its popular culture to improve its influence on the world.The influence of the Asian popular culture on the go of peopleThe be given of people and the Asian popular culture is an fundamental interaction process. On one hand the Asian popular culture influences the liquify of people a nd on the other hand the hightail it rate of people makes the Asian popular culture more diversified and spread in a wider range. As to the influence of the Asian popular culture on the arise of people, before discussing this issue, first of all, the categories of flow of people will be discussed. The flow of people can be divided into the flow within the country and the flow among different countries. The flow of people can be ineradicable or temporary. The Asian popular culture has exerted influence on both the four kinds of flow of people. Most people migrant with the hope that they will reach a better destination to live or mollify down and the image of better destination to some extent is constitute on the popular culture. For the popular culture is the easiest access to understand the culture of another nation. The Asian popular culture has great impact on the temporary flow of people. The major part of the temporary flow of people is tourists. For exercise, with the po pular of the Chinese Kung Fu film all over the world, people from various countries come to china to find out whether the Kung Fu in the film is real. Thus they go to the Shaolin Monastery to see the monks so as to satisfy their curiosity. Some unhinged Kung Fu lovers even stay in Shaolin Monastery to study the martial arts. From large number of tourists from all over the world received by the Shaolin Monastery, it is easy to vulgarize that the popular culture has exerted great impact on the temporary flow of people. In Japan, the situation is quite similar. Large numbers of tourists come to Japan just want to visit the Hello Kitty Museum or to buy the Doraemon products which can only be purchased in Japan. Moreover, within the same country, flow of people can still be caused by the popular culture. Most young people are willing to live in the part of the country where the popular culture is thriving (McDonnell, 2000). Those young people whitethorn try to find a job or travel in t hose parts in the country, thus the flow of people becomes more much within the country.The influence of the Asian popular culture on the ideasThe Asian popular culture has great influence on the ideas of people all over the world. A countrys image has close relation to the countrys popular culture. get under ones skin the Chinese popular culture as an slip, the Kung Fu in the films seem dumbfounding and mysterious to the foreigners particularly the westerner. Thus image of china in the westerners minds are usually mysterious. Besides, with the spread of the Chinese popular culture, the traditional Chinese philosophy is also spread to all over the world. The unique traditional Chinese culture which put emphasis on the harmony between human and nature has greatly influenced the westerners ideas. More westerners begin to learn the profoundness of the Asian culture and begin to have further study on the eastern culture by the help of the popular culture. The Asian popular culture p lays the role of the media in spread the ideology of the Asian (Huat, 2004). Another example is Japan. Japan has made great efforts to establish sound national image through promoting it popular culture. The cute Hello Kitty and other animation images make the image of Japan milder and friendly. The Japanese animation exerts great impact on the ideas of the teenagers all over the world particularly the teenagers in Asian countries. The teenagers will behave like the characters in the animation or bump the ornaments the characters in the animation wear (McDonnell, 2000). The success of the Japanese film merry Away has popularize the eastern philosophy all over the world. Its great impact on the ideas of people can be demonstrated by the recognition of this film from the international society. This film has won many prizes including Best Animated Feature in the 2001 Academy Award. The animator Hayao Miyazaki who directs this film is world-renowned and his other works are also welc omed by the people all over the world. Through his works, the Japanese and Asian culture and philosophy has been wide spread which makes the outside world knows more about Asian and Japan (Iwabuchi, 2002). Hayao Miyazakis work is the integration of the Asian ideology and ideologies from other parts of the world. This is a forcible demonstration that Asian popular culture has great impact on the ideas of people from all over the world.The influence of Asian popular culture on the trendsIn most Chinese Kung Fu films, the masters in the films usually wear the traditional Chinese garment (Tang suit) and the female characters usually wear cheongsam. With the spread of those Kung Fu film, the traditional Chinese garment and cheongsam become popular all over the world. The Chinese costume elements such as red embroidered paeony can usually be seen in the Fashion Week in Milan. The fashion industry all over the world has integrated the traditional Chinese costume elements in the trends. Th e most wanted gifts of the foreign tourists in china are the traditional Chinese garment and cheongsam. The supra example demonstrates that the popular culture has exerted even changed the trends and fashion. Moreover, the popularity of the Chinese Kung Fu films also promoted the trends of Chinese study. For a time, learning Chinese becomes a trend and fashion among the westerners. Another example is Japan animation. Not to mention the Hello Kitty that is a trend itself. The large sale and peoples frantic purchasing of the Kitty products demonstrate the ravish of Kitty. Kitty has changed the fashion industry which usually means slim models, known ornaments, luxurious brands and dazzling shows. Kitty ignites a new concept that fairness and simplicity can also be a trend. The trend is as a matter of fact, the reflection of the mind set and metal evoke of the people (Tay, 2009). The Asian popular culture to some extent changes the mindset and metal state of the people. Moreover, th e Korean TV series has also fired a trend in Asian countries, especially in china. The Chinese youngsters, teenagers and even housewives and office ladies become interested in the Korean culture such as costume and food (Chua Iwabuchi, 2008). Their ideas about the country Korean are mostly based on the TV series (Dator Seo, 2004). In conclusion, the popular culture has changes and influenced peoples ideas to a large extent.The influence of Asian popular culture on the cultural productsBefore discussing the influence of Asian popular culture on the cultural products, the concept and scope of the cultural products should be identified. The cultural products are the products which come out from the culture or are closely related to the culture. The typical cultural products are books, softwares, magazines, computer games, films, TV shows. Asian popular cultures influence on the films is obvious. The Judo, Kung Fu elements in the Hollywood films are welcomed by the foreigners. The com puter games based on Kung Fu Panda and Japanese animation figures have been sold all over the world and welcomed by the teenager and computer game lovers. The Asian popular has brought about great profits to the cultural industry. The success of Kitty is another example which demonstrates the influence of the popular culture on the culture products. The Asian Kung Fu film and the Japanese animation are all examples that the popular culture has exerted great influence on the cultural products (Malik, 2009). The western media and newspapers cover large amount reports on Asian culture and tradition and the one of their motivations is to satisfy the westerners curiosity about the eastern culture elements in the popular cultural products such as films and animation. The cultural products are no longer monopolized by the American MTV, MacDonalds and hip-hop. The cultural products have integrated more Asian elements due to the spread of the Asian popular culture which are welcomed under th e diversified and internationalized world (Pieterse, 2009).ConclusionThis raise has discussed the role of Asian popular culture under the background of globalization. The world under the background of globalization becomes more diversified. The Asian popular culture has adapted itself to the more diversified world and acts as the bridge between the western and eastern culture. In this essay, the cases of Chinese Kung Fu and Japanese Hello Kitty are discussed in detail. The above two can both be regarded as the typical representation of the Asian popular culture. During the process of globalization, the above two cultural labels have interacted with the world culture. They changes the world culture and at the same time be changed by the world culture. They are the recall dose of the Asian popular culture and the world popular culture is no longer dominated by the Americans strong popular culture such as Starbuck and MTV. The migration of people, the change of peoples ideas, the var ious trends, and the cultural products are all greatly influenced by the popular culture. The popular culture is a major part of a nations culture whose impact can never be ignored.

Critical Elements of User Experience Design

critical Elements of exploiter Experience DesignProf. Michael Weyrich,Tobias Jung,ZellerChristian ZangeHossainMohammad Faysal Ebna HossainCritical Elements of substance ab drug user Experience Design as a Success chemical element for Virtual Working Spaces in the Digital enterprisingnessBasis thesis NoTypeClass of Process ModelStudent supervisorBeginEnd2843MTModel for Conceptional ProjectsHossainJg/Ze20.09.201620.03.2017Document readingAuthorDateStatusBasis1.0Hossain16.03.17submittedFile NamePages cross DateTemplateco-basis-v1031co-basis.dotm(Program of matter INFOTECH)Document Version vigilanceVersionAuthorQADateStatusChanges0.1HossainJg11.11.2016in progress mental hospital1.0HossainJg22.02.2017submittedInitial Submission1.1 IntroductionAn Enterprise Network is the backbone of communications within an green light or organization that that enables the employees and stakeholders expire with all(prenominal) early(a) in an efficient and effective manner. A digital enterprise work is where technology, touches, battalion, and the Enterprise organization converge to enhance agility, engagement, and growthivity. It is a virtual computer program where employees and stakeholders mountain get the technology tools they require to do their tasks effortlessly. UBMC15 .Here we be talking near the underlying professional and personal intercommunicate. It enhances internal and external enterprise communication superintendence.The interactive characteristics on the meshwork, Wiki and blogosphere restrain live crucial nowadays. With two-thirds of the worlds Internet population atomic number 18 visiting a social networking or blogging site, and the fargon of sequence spent on these platforms are increasing at more than than terce time the rank of over any Internet growth UNiel09. The Enterprise network has also been changing over past years. neighborly technologies move over been added to the Enterprise network to augment productivity to and co mmunication. Social technologies realize compass the thought of consumers, wrinkle leaders, and political leaders. Millions of capital deal stomach adopted reinvigorated acts conveying social interactions online, developing connections, and building and sharing cloy.Social technologies elicit be described as digital technologies utilized by mint to communicate soci anyy and collectively to build, improve, and exchange contents. Social technologies possess three major characteristics signifier 1 Characteristics of Social Technologies McK12People abide communicate soci on the wholey (e.g., chat, share personal news, send greetings), social technologies enable anybody at heart a lodge or organization to create, add, or modify content and communications. This involves combining or deleting content such(prenominal) as a schedule or a link, contri preciselying to content supplemented by others, endorsing (e.g., liking a piece of content), or executing an action that an ind ividual knows entrust be divided.The way of noesis sharing and communication has been dramati squally changed or change as a side effect of utilize social technologies. Social technologies fire perform a central role in how learning is gathered, sourced, analyzed, and disseminated among interested person.1.2 Applications incorporating Social Technologies and digital workplace Social technologies incorporate a wide range of applications for both Customers and Enterprises. The figure below has been taken from the address dou beholdd by McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) that accommodates applications used for social technologiesFigure 2 Wide range of applications for social technologies McK12Social network A Social structure comprised of a collection of social actors (for example organizations or individuals), a collection of dyadic ties, and other social interactions among social actors are known as the Social Network. This perspective provides an assemblage of rules for anal yzing the structure of all social entities. Was94Blogs/Microblogs A blog is a conversation or informational weave platform published on the World Wide Web comprising of separate and unremarkably informal diary-style text entries (called posts). Posts are usually arranged in reverse sequential order, so that the very(prenominal) recent post appears first, at the top of the web page. UBlog17. Microblogging is a service that hurrys its substance absubstance abusers to send and announce itty-bitty nones, normally just text and typically react to queries. The blog is for the most part a personal reflection.Rating and reviews Rating and review provide a way that enables users or readers to rank the content socially. It also allows users to reveal their feelings ab step to the fore the content (usually through emoticons).Social commerce Social commerce is basically a subset of electronic commerce. It involves online social media that promotes social interaction, and user partici pation to apply online purchasing and selling of dear(p)s and services.USoCo13Wiki A wiki is a web-based platform that implements collaborative passing of its content and composition right away from the web browser. In a conventional wiki, the words are written using a simplify markup language (known as wiki markup) and usually change with the aid of a rich-text editor. EnBr08. The wiki the jointly edited content where approved users can jointly edit and publish the content.Discussion Forum An Internet fabrication is an online discussion platform where users can hold discussions in the form of posted heart and souls. The posted messages are usually ampleer than one line of text and are often archived. Additionally, the forum set-up in such a way that a posted message may need to be validated by a moderator onward it becomes published. UWiFo08. The core idea of the Forum is the exchange of ideas or topics.Shared workspaces The divided up workspace is an interrelated eco carc ass in which all users in separated areas can cooking stove and interact with each other. The eco scheme maintained by electronic communications which facilitate users to overcome location and time differentials. The environment is facilitated by a overlap rational paradigm, general information, and a common perception by all of the members despite physical position.Crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing is a specific sourcing model in which individuals or organizations use contri andions from Internet users to obtain call for services or ideas. Crowdsourcing was coined in 2005 as a portmanteau of crowd and proscribedsourcing. Mat11Social gaming A social network game is a type of online game that is vie through social networks.Jarv09 They typically feature multiplayer and asynchronous gameplay mechanics. Social network games are most often implemented as browser games, but can also be implemented on other platforms such as mobile devices.Kim11Media and file sharing Media and files sharing among the members have a significant impact on knowledge and information sharing. It provides flexibility and election means to work collaboratively with the members.2.1 Introduction user experience see is the method of improving user satisfaction with a product by enhancing the usability, accessibility, and sport rendered in the interaction with the product. This section begins with regular usability paygrade and why it has become progressively critical to centering on the user experience (UX).2.2 What is UsabilityUsability is a quality attribute that de confinesines how usable is a system or product by its user. The term Usability also points to methods for enhancing ease-of-use throughout the protrude or organic evolution operation.Nielsen Norman free radical mentioned five quality components that defines the term Usability UNiel12Learnability How easy is it for users to reach out basic tasks the first time they encounter the convention?Efficiency one time users hav e learned the human body, how quickly can they perform tasks?Memorability When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how advantageously can they reestablish proficiency?Errors How many errors do users sack, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors?Satisfaction How pleasant is it to use the design?In brief, Usability see to its how easy pleasant a product/system to use.2.3 Importance of UsabilityIt is very frequently crucial to make a system where users should not have to think too hard while they are using the system. The user should not have to refer to help sections, and they should not be restrict to feel stupid. By observing the user, finding the usability issues and resolving them in an fascinate manner these situations can be avoided.System developers usually forget that they are not typical users. There may be aspects of the system that depend apparent to the developer that might, in fact, be entirely confusing to the users. It is therefore essential to take a step back once in a while and make sure that the users are not left behind. Usability scrutiny is an indispensable aspect of the User-Centred method that establishes the user, at the heart of the teaching process sort of than the system. Embracing such an approach pushes that the user should be first of all in the design determinations.According to the International Standards Organization (ISO 9241-11 Guidance on Usability)Usability is the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.These three factors are very much grievous to attain business goals.An effective websiteAn efficient websiteA satisfactory userallows customers (users) to achieve their goalsprovides answers quicklyachieves their goalhas a high conversion ratefollows a logical systemal sequenceenjoys their experiencemeets business objectivesdoesnt w aste resourcestells othersdelivers a positive brand imagerequires less content heed timecomes back againTable 1 Why Usability parameters are measurable URed11Usability test lets the design and development teams recognize problems before roll out of the system. The before flows are identified and mothered the less equally the fixes forget be vexationing both resource time and doable influence to the schedule. During a usability testInvestigate the activities of the participants to see whether it meets usability objectivesIdentify how satisfied users are with the system or productDiscover if users can accomplish specified tasks as intendedExperience how long it takes to accomplish specified tasksDetermine adjustments needed to enhance user performance and satisfaction2.4 Usability EvaluationConventionally evaluating the usability of a product does not come into play until the system development is realized or nearly completed. Once completed, users would be requested to acco mplish definite tasks on the system. Their performance would accordingly be measured, often using the five usability attributes of Nielsen Learnability, Efficiency, Memorability, Errors and Satisfaction.UNiel12 This way of usability interrogation does not include users until very late in the project and concentrates on the system rather than how the user experiences the System.Racing toward prove without looking back might have seemed worry a good idea back when the launch date was set, but the result is belike to be a product that meets all the technical requirements for the project but does not work for your users. Even worse, by tackling user experience evaluation on at the end, you might end up launching a product that you know is broken but have no chance (or money left) to fix. Garret10This means of usability evaluation is often named user acceptance testing. The term accepting is important here, symbolizing that the focus lies on whether the user accepts the system, ra ther than whether he/she can use the system as intended2.5 User Experience FocusTechnological improvements in ubiquitous computing have created an opportunity for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) to be a massive part of our periodic life. This has effected a shift from traditional usability engineering science to so-called User Experience, where the emotions and motivations of the end-user are provided a principal role than traditional usability inflection such as efficiency and effectiveness.There have been studies more or less defining User Experience amongst UX professionals that have demonstrated inconclusive Law09 and these are within the knit of Human-Computer Interaction. One could dispute that the principles following UX could be applied to any proceeds process. The nearest we can get to a definition is addressed in the ISO 9241-210 standard on the Ergonomics of Human System Interaction variance 210 Human-Centred Design for interactive systems (ISO, 2008)A persons pe rceptions and responses that result from the use or anticipated use of a product, system or service higher up statement highlights the experience the user has while using or anticipates using a particular product. The notion of anticipated use grants the idea that UX can play a crucial role in the early development faces of system development mentioning that thinking UX before an actual working system is ready can produce invaluable input.User experience specialists seek to make the system User-Centered. It indicates that while the development of the system the user is ever the principal focus point and drives the evolution process. According to the ISO standard, six postulates settle the product is User-CenteredUUCD171. The design is based upon an explicit understanding of users, tasks and environments.2. Users are relate throughout design and development.3. The design is driven and refined by user-centered evaluation.4. The process is iterative.5. The design addresses the who le user experience.6. The design team includes multidisciplinary skills and perspectives.Second belief (Users are involved throughout design and development) entails that UX teams should include users in all design stages not just by operating a focus group at the beginning of design or by administering a survey at the end of the project.3.1 IntroductionUsability testing involves watching good example users working with the system so that development team can make improvements based on what participants do with the system. Usability testing provides invaluable feedback active how the users discharge with the system. Knowing how users behave helps to create a much more qualified Platform or application. Rather than just guessing about what people might like on these, it is possible to see their reactions first hand, and then make sure that the system contains just the right features.Learning about issues early in the process economises development time and money. Rather than e xpending time developing the wrong thing, a quick usability test go forth tell the developer whether they are on the right track or not. getting the data directly from the users is a much unwrap way of doing design work than arguing about features among the team. In fact, usability testing is a great way of stopping arguments. Rather than spending time on bit over whose idea is best, put the suppositions in front of real users to see how well they can work with them. There is nothing quite like real user feedback that helps to determine the best way forward.The thing that separates usability testing from many other methods is that with usability testing, it is possible to see real behaviors, what people do rather than just asking what people think. Often watching people do something is the only way to really understand where the issues lie and how to fix the problems you see.Ease of use doesnt originate from wishful thinking. It comes from conveying methodical usability engineer ing activities throughout the project lifecycle. This is a real effort and sacrifices real money, though not as much as some people worry.It is possible to conduct simple forms of user testing in a fewer days and obtain vast insights into both user behavior and recommended design enhancements.3.2 Usability CostsTo estimate the total cost of usability (as opposed to the price of a single test), Nielsen Norman Group collected data from 863 design projects that merged Usability Testing. Depending on how they have calculated it, usability cost were within 8% and 13% of the projects budget. Based on these findings from other surveys, they have concluded that current best practices call for dedicating about 10% of a projects budget to usability. UNiel03In reality, the cost of usability doesnt extend linearly with project size, since many usability testing cost about the same, notwithstanding of how big the project is. A project thats ten times larger, for example, usually requires only four times more usability spending.3.3 Reduce suppuration CostAccurate planning at the start of a Systems design process exit drive home time, money and effort in the long run.A study by Smith Reinersten found that the critical system-design decisions make during the first 10% of a products design process can determine 90% of the products cost and performance. This is an outstanding illustration of how a little investment at an initial stage can have a frightening positive impact on the final product. UWilson14The more money will organization invest in usability at an initial design stage the greater will have the end product. A tiny issue forth of cash spent on usability design and testing will save the organization from costly design fixes or redesigns later in the cycle.3.4 cut back Support CostsAn enormous gain of financing in usability is pocket-size check costs. Just put, a System with recrudesce usability will debase potential customer support concerns and eventua lly reduce customer support costs. An excellent way to enhance the websites usability, while decreasing support costs is by giving online guidance to the users.another(prenominal) illustration of how financing in usability at the early stage of the design process will save the money at a later stage. A study by Pressman found that 80% of costs during a softwares lifecycle come from the attention phase. The study also found that greatest part of these costs rises out of unmet or unforeseen user requirements. UWilson14Figure 3 Reduced call and support costs minimizes maintenance costSpending in usability helps to settlement these issues during the design stage, where they can be dispensed with at a much lower price. All redundant second that the support staff uses responding to a customer support issue (time when paying for their wages) is the cost of poor usability investment.3.5 change magnitude SalesIts not a big leap in logic to claim that improved usability for customers will make them more likely to achieve a purchase or to extend their purchase volume.A study by Creative Good discovered that giving a better experience for the customers will prolong the quantity of purchasers by 40%. UWilson14Another study by UI Engineering observed that by giving adequate product information to your customers at the right time you can increase sales on your site by up to 225%. UWilson14Improved usability makes for satisfied clients who are more likely to purchase, eventually expanding the businesss profits.3.6 Usability BenefitsThe Nielsen Norman Group have analyzed data from 42 cases where usability metrics were available for website redesigns. Averaged across the 42 pairs of measures they had found, usability increase by 135% when they omitted five outliers with especially significant usability improvements. (If they include these outliers, the norm improvement jumps to 202%.) UNiel03The improvement in usability metrics differed depending on the metric, as the foll owing table showsTable 2 The improvement in usability metrics differed depending on the metric UNiel03The current study of Nielsen Norman Group does not incorporate intranet redesign projects. However, based on their studies of intranet design potential, Jakob Nielsen consider that the average improvement in intranet usability metrics is a bit below blow%. UNiel033.6.1 Co-CreationCertainly, the very common metric of ROI is financial, and a tested-to-breaking-point product, including a user-centric UI, will check out the user experience is a pleasurable one, promoting more exchanges, and, in turn, increased revenue.3.6.2 TrustIf the organization is providing the users a great user experience, the organization will also be strengthening trust in the brand. A user is more reasonably to retain with a website or platform that theyve earlier had a trouble-free experience of, than one thats showed something of a usability nightmare. How many customers are using the system, and how many a re yielding to use again, can be tracked via analytics software.3.6.3 ProductivityProfits can also be gained through an increase in productivity of any employee. Systems need rigorous testing to assure the design and UI are helpful to an experience that cuts the time it call for to accomplish a task, enabling the employee to gain more.4.1 IntroductionThe scope of this user experience and usability testing of the platform is for the pilot of GIZs enterprise portal which is cerebrate on GIZs communities of practice. For this instance, it is very much important to understand the community business processes and the specific use cases for GIZs communities of practice (CoP).A community is a group of experts / development practitioners that share knowledge on common development topics and challenges as well as work collaboratively on effective, efficient, innovative, sustainable solutions based on their own experiences and expertise. A community is a collection of people with shared val ues, behaviors and artifacts.4.2 Communities of practiceCommunities of practice are groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly. UWen15Shared domain It has an identity defined by a shared domain of interest. Website community.Sense of community In act their interest in their domain, members engage in joint activities and discussions, help each other, and share information.Shared practice Members of a community of practice are practitioners. They develop a shared repertoire of resources experiences, stories, tools, ways of addressing recurring problems-in sententious a shared practice. This takes time and sustained interaction.Communities of practice have a great impact on organizational value chain and knowledge management including knowledge sharing. The infusing factors based on the effectiveness of the communities on practice has been explained by W.M.H. Oosting in 2009 which has shown belowFi gure 4 Influencing elements of the effectiveness of a CoP Oosting09The core is the proper connection between purpose, content, content, conversations and connections where the purpose is at the center and everything is linked bi-directionally with it. From the figure we can express wrathfully that backdrop up the purpose has a great impact on the mastery of CoP.4.3 Community Management FrameworkFor the business case of GIZ, we have agglomerate questions which lead to the Community Management Framework. These clusters lead to the business needs of GIZs Communities. fixingsQuestionsPurpose and incentivesWhat is in for me? What benefits do we hope to get? Strategic relevance of the common topic?OutcomesWhat useful (preliminary) outcomes do we want to achieve?Stakeholders /actorsWho should be a member? What is their social glue/shared practice? pack key roles been defined?NegotiationsWhat ground rules and milestones do we need for internal cooperation and management?OrientationWhat common vision have we agreed upon?ResourcesBudget for the community? Are members given profuse resources by their business units/organizations? outlineStrategy for planning and implementation by the community?GrowthPlan/concept for increasing the number of members? How to turn new members into returning members?Content and respiteWho is/are the community manager/s? Do they have enough resources (time, opportunities and ability to build bridges) and the necessary status? What content is to be created and edited? What content can members be asked to input?

Egypts Age Of Reform

Egypts Age Of ReformMuhammad Ali pacha, or Mehmet Ali Paa, was the conventionalismr of Egypt for 43 socio-economic classs (1805 to 1848). He is regarded in score as the founder of redbrick Egypt. Muhammad Ali was born to an Albanian family in Kavala which is modern day Greece. He worked branch in the tobacco industry as a merchant until he became dissociate of the fairy the States. He first came to Egypt with the ground forces to rid the country of the French expedition. After prosperously liberating Egypt in 1801, Muhammad Ali started to gain interest in ruling Egypt. He make efforts to start the power in Egypt until he boomingly did in 1805 (.Throughout his rule, Mohammed Ali enrolld to a greater extent a nonher(prenominal) reforms of in all kinds in recite to master his goal which was to turn Egypt into a modern country. Although he was not a pure Egyptian, Mohammed Ali ruled Egypt with bash and determination to make it an in pendant country. He was a true pro phet his efforts of reform indeed were successful in creating a occlusion of spiritual rebirth that benefited Egypt in legion(predicate) ways. He was able to streng thusly, unify, and roughly importantly pass Egypt in a end of 43 years.What encouraged Muhammad Ali to insist on reforming Egypt were two footings. First he mat up that it is a country that had such a rich history and civilization, merit to be modernized and independent. The foster reason was that Egypt had a strategic geographical location that he felt had the potential of making it hotshot of the close advanced countries.Mohammed Alis reforms did not solitary(prenominal) focus on whizz subject, merely rather on legion(predicate) fields which included the host, agriculture, industry, and program line. All in which took Egypt steps further forrard and transformed it from being an ordinary state run under the rule of the Ottoman Empire into being an independent country and one of the near developed co untries outside of europium. His primary(prenominal) goal was to occupy in a satisfying host. However, the footlingage of gross was a major obstacle that hindered him from achieving his goal. As a result, he extended the political sympathiess tame onto all of Egypts resources in order to alter him to purpose and manage a way to generate more than revenue that would enable him to carry on his reform pictures. Furthermore, Muhammad Ali fetch up that if he was to build a strong army, he had not however to focus on Egypts military vault of heaven, but to a fault on all the other sectors in order to establish a powerful economy.Military ReformsMuhammad Alis military reforms were very(prenominal) modishness and served Egypts interest. He realized that the army was not strong enough. Its main abstemiousness was that its s anileiers were a mixture between Turks, Albanians, and Mamluks and therefore, there was no sand of nationalism or unity. He also realized that the Eu ropean armies were more advanced since they were exploitation modern ordnance and techniques whereas his army was not which present a threat to Egypts security. As a result, Ali was determined to constitute a b be-assed army. He had made several attempts to build a new army. His first attempt on August 1815 was to appoint Egyptian farmers however, unitedly both Albanians and men of religion opposed him and threatened his life which cause Ali create another plan. His second attempt was to appoint Sudanese men, until now his plan also failed primarily due to the accompaniment that Sudanese soldiers had no pinch of nationalism towards Egypt and therefore, were not driven to join the army and protect Egypt. His third gear and final attempt in 1820 was to once more appoint Egyptian Muslim farmers. This attempt succeeded all the same it was strongly opposed by the Turkish aristocrats who feared that by giving Egyptians power in the army that they would use it against the Ottoman s (, 59). It was also opposed by the farmers themselves since they did not find every benefits to them being part of the army (, 142). However, according to Mouriez in his book Modern Egypt from 1840 to 1857 he states that the farmers speedily got apply to their new lives as part of the army and were proud to be the army men of Muhammad Ali since they found that the title was prestigious (, 59). In a period of 10 years the army reached a hit reduce of 130,000 soldiers which was a relatively large number considering that the population of Egypt as a whole was about 3.5 million (,125).In order to train the army, Mohammed Ali used the aid of a French colonel Seve who was later kn feature as Suleiman Pasha after he converted to Islam (, 125). Although he was French, Suleiman Pasha played a huge purpose into modernizing the army. Mohammed Ali had great hopes in him and trusted that he would be able to make the Egyptian army similar to those armies of Europe. Under the image of Sule iman Pasha, the army moved to Aswan as a location for facts of life. For a period of three years the army was placed under constant fosterage that was aimed at organizing, strengthen, and unifying the soldiers as one (, 62).In humanitarian to training the army Mohammed Ali also sent military missions to Europe. This indicates that as a normal he was not unless planning short term goals for Egypt, but also vast-term one that would benefit Egypt for more years to come.What is estimable about Muhammad Alis techniques in reforming the army was that he was not ashamed to suit that he valued to imitate the army of his enemy. In my cerebration it was smart of him to seek help from European experts to train the Egyptian army.Industrial ReformsAlthough Muhammad Ali used the aid of European states, his plan was to use it only for a short period of date. In other words he was clever in seeking foreign help in order to build Egypt, yet the beauty in his plan was how he managed to tr ansform Egypt from a dependent country to an independent country.One of Mohammed Alis main goals was to limit import substitution in Egypt. He wanted to manufacture his testify weapons for the Egyptian army and stop depending on European states for aid. However, Muhammad Ali could not stool industrialized Egypt without the help hand of Europe at first. His plan was to import machinery and experts from Europe. Then he would imitate the machinery by building similar ones in Egypt under the inspection of the European experts who trained the Egyptian repulse (, 75).One of the or so successful industries was the military industry. The reason to why he decided on establishing a military industry in particular was because he usually face up two problems when importing weapons from Europe. First, Egypt did no always have enough money to buy weaponry and secondly, was because often some European countries refused to export their weaponry to Egypt. As a result, Muhammad Ali was determ ined to make Egypt rely on its own ware (, 75). He establish the first arsenal in 1816 to promote cannons and munitions. He also open up arsenals in Alexandria, Cairo, Rosetta, and Bulaq to produce arms and nautical ships. Not only was Egypt now manufacturing to meet its needs, but also it was manufacturing at very high quality (Owen,71).In addition to the military industry, Muhammad Ali launch textile factories starting from the year 1815 to further decrease Egypts import post horse and to compete against the finished goods approach from India. He would tack the raw materials from Egypts local production of cotton and whenever the factories faced a shortage of raw materials, Muhammad Ali would order that more land be cultivated to produce more end product (, 75).Moreover, Muhammad Ali established factories for the production of silk starting from the year 1816 with the first factory in Khoronfish. In addition, there was the institution of 3 factories for the production of sugar in 1818, and a factory for leather (, 75).Agricultural ReformsMoving to the agricultural reforms, it is light up that Muhammad Ali relied less on European aid and more on the efforts of the judicature and the locals. Although the reforms might have seemed harsh, yet Egypt would have never been strong without the carrying into action of Muhammad Alis policies.In order to transform the agricultural sector into a more modern one and in order to increase Egypts revenue coming from this sector, Mohammed Ali had to go through several steps in order to achieve his ultimate goal. First, he ended the Iltizam system in Egypt since he realized that a large part of Egypts land tax was going to the Multazims alternatively of the politics (, 98). He first abolished the Iltizam system in 1812 in speed Egypt and then in 1814 abolished it in Lower Egypt. In order to counterchange the Multazims, Mohammed Ali appointed Coptic clerks as the ones responsible to collect the tax. In additio n, he used the village sheikhs to perform surveillance among the tax collection in order for him to ensure that the taxes reach the government (Owen,65).Moreover, Muhammed Ali introduced new crops for cultivation. One of the most important crops that were introduced is bulky staple cotton in 1821. Farmers cultivated foresightful staple cotton intensively. In fact, the government itself encouraged farmers to cultivate it by giving them animals on credit, and cotton seeds for free. In addition, the government distributed cotton gins and presses in villages and used the help of experts from Syria and Anatolia to aid the farmers in the cultivation of the crops. As a result, there was a large increase in Egypts revenue. Almost 33% of revenue coming to Egypt came from cotton, which allowed the government to fund the expansion of its army (Owen, 66-67). Egypts cotton was highly demanded by French and British textile factories. In addition their make increase tremendously in six years fr om 944 cantars in 1821 to 34,300 cantarsIn addition, Muhammad Ali introduced a new system to the agricultural sector which is cognize as the Monopoly system. Under the Monopoly system, Muhammad Ali considered himself as the owner of all the land of Egypt. He nationalized all land in Egypt and banned the private trade of numerous crops.Under the Monopoly system, Muhammed Ali divided the land among the farmers so that each farmer would regain from 3 to 5 feddans to cultivate and gave away 4% of the total flying field of land in each village to the village sheikhs. As long as each farmer paid the land tax, they had the freedom to fill the crops that they were going to cultivate. After the crops were cultivated, the farmers were responsible to hand in all their output to the government. The government would then buy the crops from the farmers at a price reduce than the international price and sell it in the international market at the international price. As a result, the money tha t Egypt would make out of this monopoly would go to the industrial sector in order to achieve the goals of having an industrial sector that was strong enough to compete on its own both locally and on an international level (, 156). As a result Mohammed Ali had complete control of 95% of Egypts exports. Meanwhile, he only controlled 1/3 of the total imports of Egypt. The reason why he did not have much control over Egypts imports was due to the pressure of European states on the Ottoman government set a law in 1820 that allowed foreign merchants to export goods to the Ottoman Empire was an import rate of 3% only. Therefore, despite the fact that Muhammad Ali wanted to protect Egypts local production, he could not go against the laws that the Ottoman pudding stone had set on the importation of European goods (,72).In addition, Mohammed Ali increased the area of cultivated land by 164960 feddans. However, in order to increase this area, he had to carry irrigational projects. He order ed the digging of new canals and the clearing of old ones in order to ensure that there was a constant supply of water reaching the lands. Some of the most famous canals of that time and that are still found today are Mahmudiya Canal, the Delta Barrage, and Al Anater Al Khayreia (, 72).Moreover, the government confiscated all the Waqf land since its owners could not proof that their land was in fact Waqf.As a result of Muhammad Alis efforts to transform the agricultural sector, Egypts revenue increased tremendously. Since more land was being cultivated, there was more production. More production meant an increase in exportation, and eventually this led to an increase in revenue. Although many could argue that the monopoly system is not a democratic system and therefore, one should not be praised for applying it, in Egypts case applying the monopoly system was the most sample solution for increasing revenue. However, only because Muhammad Ali was not driven by avaritia did this sy stem work. However, if it was someone other than Muhammad Ali then there would have been a chance that the money surplus would have gone to waste.Educational ReformsThe educational sector is by far the sector that benefited Egypt the most on the long run. In my opinion, if Muhammad Ali was not a believer in education then no matter how much he tried to reform the military, industrial, or agricultural sectors Egypt would have still remained insignificant.Mohammed Ali, highly believed in the value of education. Although, he was illiterate until he reached his forties, Mohammed Ali encouraged Egyptians to read and educate themselves. In fact, Abdel-Rahman Al-Jabarti, an Egyptian historian, mentioned in his chronicale Ajaib al-athar fil tarajim wal-akhbar, that Mohammed Ali admired and was taken by the intelligence and receptivity of training that was evident in Egyptians. In fact, he tells a story of a man named Hussein Jalabi Ajwa, an Egyptian who invented a devise for grinding rice. When his dodge was shown to Mohammed Ali, Ali was very impressed and concluded that Egyptians were in fact smart and therefore, deserved to have schools for education (El Gemeiy).Before Mohammed Alis efforts for reform in the educational sector, education in Egypt was limited to religious studies and Islamic law. Moreover, before his reign Egypt reached a very low state in education. A primary reason to why it reached this stage was due to the fact that the Ottomans did not possess any sort of valuable knowledge that they could pass on. In fact the Ottomans were weak in Arabic which resulted in Turkish becoming the main manner of speaking (). However, seeing European states advance using their modern sciences drove Mohammed Ali to conveyancing knowledge from the West to the East. His admiration of the European method of education made Mohammed Ali more determined to introduce modern education first time to Egypt. Moreover, he felt that Egypt needed employees who were well traine d and narrow down in addition he realized that it needed well trained army officers. As a result, Muhammad Ali introduced a new system of education in hopes that it will elevate Egyptians.The main reason to why Muhammad Ali wanted to introduce a better education was because he felt that by having one it would create a strong backbone for the Egyptian army since the army needed to be updated with the modern military methods (El Gemeiy). In addition, it needed doctors, translators, teachers, engineers and specialized experts in many different fields in order for it to be considered a strong army (El Gemeiy). As a result, Muhammed Ali was keen on introducing secular education. Instead of establishing an educational system that started with primary schools, Mohammed Ali first established specialized schools and then moved to the establishment of middle and primary schools. His plan was to establish specialized institutes, bring foreign instructors to teach, send educational missions to Europe, and finally translated European books into Turkish and Arabic ().The process of reforming the educational sector was long, yet it benefited Egypt greatly. During the first stage from the year 1811 to 1836, 67 new schools were introduced in Egypt. Although, all schools were run under the control of the department of Military, each school had its own unique system, meaning that each school created its own rules.One of the most important schools that were established during his reign was the school of Medicine. This school was established in 1827 in an area called Abu Zaabal. Its main goal was to graduate doctors who could work for the Egyptian army. The school grew to be very prestigious. Later in 1830 the School of materia medica was established followed by the School of Obstetrics which was established a year later together with the school of Veterinary Medicine. The schools proved to be a great success. In fact they graduated 420 doctors and pharmacists that worked for th e army afterwards (El Gemeily). In 1837 the school of medicine was relocated in Cairo and was built by Ahmed Al-Aini. It was later known as Qasr Al-Aini.Furthermore, Muhammed Ali established agricultural colleges. Al-Darsakhana al-malakiya (The Royal Academy), established in the year 1830, was the first agricultural college to be introduced. Not only did it teach agricultural sciences, but also taught Arabic and Farsi. Later in 1833, an agricultural college in Shubra Al Kheima was established. Another college that was established in 1836 was in Nabruh in which its instructors were made up of the Egyptian student body who went on missions to Europe (, 162).One of the first schools he established was Al Mohandes Khana (School of Engineering) which was created in 1816. The government imported all the machinery and tools needed for the school from England. In addition, he made its education for free and gave the students a monthly salary. Later in 1834 he created another similar enginee ring school in Bolak (, 162).Moreover, a proof that Muhammed Ali was sincere in his goal of translating Western knowledge to the East, was the establishment of Al Alson Academy, an institute that .Several military schools were established during the reign of Muhammad Ali. The gun for hire Academy, the Cavalry Academy, was established in 1831. Their aim was to graduate a labor force that would be useful for the Egyptian army. Furthermore, a naval academy was established under Muhammad Ali. This academy proved to be very successful to an extend that its naval fleet equaled that of the Ottoman Empire not only in size, but also in strength and skill (El Gemeiy).During the period between the years 1836-1841, Muhammed Ali realized that more order should be placed in the educational sector. Therefore, he established Diwan al-madaris (the Department of Schools) to take over the educational sector instead of the Department of Military. Was established in order to organize and take control of the educational sector in Egypt. During this stage the establishment of preparatory schools took place.As was mentioned previously, Mohammed Ali was keen on move educational mission to Europe. He realized that by sending students to Europe would open these students to a more modern way of thinking so that when they come back to Egypt they can implement what they have seen in Europe.The missions touch all educational fields meaning that students were sent to study military sciences, agriculture, engineering, mathematics, medicine, and many other fields of study. The total number of students sent on these missions added up to 319 students.In my opinion, the educational sector was the sector that received the most beneficial reforms. If it was not for Muhammad Ali, then this sector would have probably remained stagnant. It would have been nearly impossible to modernize and evolve Egypt without having an educational sector.To conclude, Mohammed Alis reforms were aimed at elevating Egypt as a whole. Although his main goal was to create a strong army, Muhammad Ali soundless that in order to achieve his goal he has to build a strong economy as well. Many might oppose him for using the aid of European countries especially since he played a role in ending the French Expedition in Egypt, however, in my opinion I find that his plan was ideal. The main reason why is because by doing so Muhammad Ali proves that he is a smart ruler who would do anything to bring his country further ahead. Furthermore, even though he was not strictly Egyptian, Muhammad Ali ruled with love for Egypt. As a result, not only did he carry out his policies to achieve short-term goals, but also he established long-term goals that would make Egypt a modern country that was not just a state under the Ottoman Empire. As a result of all the reforms Egypt ended up with more local production, more exports, limited imports, better education, and a stronger army.

Understanding The Ethical Organization Management Models Commerce Essay

Understanding The good constitution Management Models Commerce EssayThis circulate mainly focuses on develop an honorable codeal approach to manage presidencys. This essay critically identifies and evaluate close to moral philosophy and how ethics helps an memorial tablet to take good lasts. This report is supple by referring to various journals, instruction books, websites and relevant current articles.Ethics is rattling important for an composition. This essay will give an idea nigh what is ethics? And what is un honourable? Ethics helps to identify an fundamental law by antitheticaliating from each other. This report mainly relies on discussing about theories, models and paradigms and more concentrating on base of operations human-centered paradigm.The purpose of this assignment is to provide base for run acrossing honourable end do in an fundamental law and providing one real world congressman managing organization ethically and three real world exampl es for the organizations disaster by managing the organization unethically.In this report we critically analysis on worry ethical termination do by an respective(prenominal) or root word of operative hoi polloi in the organization. Our report focus on individual moral, honesty, frankness and fairness while victorious logical argument decision in an organization. Our approach would be by understanding the organizational determine and working multitude ethical fostering weapons platform is necessary for preventing them from engraining any unethical precede.EthicsEthics in an organization means the tune conduct of that organization to run the cable more strongly and efficiently. In an organization sight atomic number 18 working together with different values and motives. Managing the condescension ethics of an organization more effectively subscribes to setup commons norms and standard and also it need to be communicated and enforced among the working people. Eth ical principle provides the base for advance(a) font stock concept in an organization.The leading of the organization and the ethical decision-making atomic number 18 the basic for an ethical organization. Ethical values and principles of an organization guide the working people and corporate from the common business motive of proceeds and sh atomic number 18holders enhancement. The young ethical organization follows corporate hearty responsibility, fair trade, sustainability, globalization pickings into consideration ifs negative effects.Ethical organization guidance modelThe modern ethical management of an organization in the 21st century illustrate by four Ps as explain as follows for the success for any modern business ventures. (Refer cecal appendage 3) Traditionally the organization main aim is to make profit and methods for achieving it. The modern organization performance, activities and standards ar exposed globally and the lenders of the organization ar accountab le globally.Purpose of the organizationPurpose of the organization is to making fair profit for the sh areholders and in case of public service delivery of cost effective service. Personality of a good ethical organization has to consider people needs and mindset with proper(a) consideration given to the world it operates. stack to whom the organization operatePeople comprise the organization staffs, customers, suppliers, local communities, stakeholders who has sideline in the organization.Planet where the organization operateOrganization should give collectable consideration for milieu, neural recourses, fair-trade and sustainability.Principles of the organizationPrinciple of the organization comprises honesty, truth, and integrity. Principles of the organization has to be matched with other conflicting aims in between purpose of the organization, people to whom it operates and the major planet where the organization operate in order to have sustainable organization success.Need to manage the organization ethicallyIn the modern environment organization ethics should be actively manage and it is necessary to understand the main ethical value done an organization ethic computer programme. in that location are five components in organization management ethic program. inscription -Leaders and senior management should have commitment to the program.Assessment -There should be active assessment of organization ethical value and effectiveness.Codify -Develop a encrypt of ethics and communicate with each other,Formalize -Formulate ethical structures and systems, ethics information and ethics communicationIntegrate -Build an ethical culture and conduct in the organization.Need to develop ethical leaders in an organizationIn the modern world ethics and values are in move of executives, managers and leaders who spend much of their time for developing organizational culture. The leadership of the organization should take responsibility and carryout the business in accordance to the management ethics program. The ethical leadership should take steps the senior management and executives including board of directors to follow and respect organization values. Carryout organization ethics program to come across ethic program goals. Appointing senior person to coordinate the program and determine the ethics function which needs initiative.Unethical policies, activities and behaviors in an organizationThe following organization activities are not necessarily unlawful which are commonly considered as unethical.Dishonesty, manipulating the facts and hiding information.Manipulating and misleading advertisement, positioning and communicationsExploiting peoples feeling. effortless and taking advantage of people weaknessGreed and making high-spirited profitAnything harming or endangering peopleBreaking trust of the organization non accepting the blame and paying lot of amounts for the unlawful doingPreventing to notify people any significant change s overlook of transparencyHarming environment or statePreventable waste or excessive consumptionRaiding anyones solitudeMisusing authority, violence and reputation.More pick outence giving in appointing family membersPreferential interference or decision-making based on secret motive or dealsUnfriendliness joining with people or group of peopleConflict of interest, disloyalty of trust and pause of confidentiality informationNeglecting the calling of care of an organizationFail to prevent wrong report within his authority unrighteousness and unkindnessMarketing ethic issues and stakeholdersThe organization activities are affected directly or indirectly by the internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are includes board of directors, managers, employees, and other working(a) departments. External stakeholders include consumers, other interest groups, competitors, advertising agencies and regulatory bodies. (Miller and Lewis, 1991).Stakeholders ethical values a re subject to various business issues such as sales practices, consumers privileges, environmental and product safety, disclosure of information about the products. (Maignan and Ferrell 2004) divers(a) stakeholders are possibly exercise pressure on organization to achieve their individual ethical values and norms.(Annexure 1) Hence the organization values and norms are affected by specially by primary stakeholders since they are in good position to influence the organization ethical values.Paradigm.In the modern business environment strategy- scenery in the business organization is vital for its survival. The organization should consider crucial turn over in the organization by setting ethical strategy. The organization has to take into note whether the organization is doing the in force(p) thing. In order implement ethical strategy for an organization we should bring different paradigm into the risk debate.Functionalist paradigmThis paradigm has been the primary one for organizat ional studies. This approach is mainly confide on human affairs and believes by hypothesis testing. It deeply rooted in sociological factors. Through Functionalist paradigm can understand and measure via science. It is influence by idealist and bolshy and assumes there are external rules and regulations to secure the external world. (Ardalan, 2003,p.202)This functionalist paradigm fundamentally explain about classical management theory, sysytem theory and contigency theory.it makes assumption how giving medication is always in control mange people in a proper way.(morgan,2006morgan,1980)Radical Humanism a crucial approach for a ethical organizationThis approach has been emerged from the radical humanist paradigm (Morgan 1995,Burrell 2000) This approach argues dehumanisation of the employee and the workplace. Individuals generally seen as machines and work as a technical surgery (Robbins and Barnwell 2006 pp 21-22) In the humanist approach that focus on placing human first-cla ss honours degree rather than the organization.The basic assumptions of this paradigm are according to Morgan (1995), Ideological traps dig vision is based on our previous get a line becoming the shape for interpreting our current experience (we often let myths and our past experience becomes our reality). We are unable to interpret reality without prejudice. Power dimension The right to define reality or the right of some to have power over others overt use of power. Power is also used in a subtle or covert way (soft domination) and its use and scream is often unquestioned. Eg. How is power distri neverthelessed in organisations? We discuss empowerment and participation but we rarely see this happening in organisations. Ethical dimension Organisations need to act in an ethical manner. How do the actions of managers and organisations impact on employees and golf-club? People first Work is the problemOrganizational ethical decision makingIn organization marketing ethical ac tivities we should understand how people make ethical decisions. (Refer appendix 3) explains how the ethical decisions are taken in the normal organizational environment. The outcome of the decisions is evaluated by the internal and external stakeholders. The roll of the individual and values has the great impact on any business decision making. Determining ethical decision is the primary factor in an organization (Ferrell 2005)Ethical decision making RyanairThe current chief executive officer Mr.Michael OLeary took the ethical business decision to operate the Ryanair airway as budget airline business model in the European market. It was very success taking such decision in the past and now most no-hit airline in the European market and most of the airline travelers prefer to travel by Ryanair. The following are the benefit by taking such decision low-toned cost-low frills concept94% of the booking through Internet reduced run costAll Boeing 737-800 aircraft reduce training and maintenance costEnvironmentally friendly Boeing 737-800 aircraftCustomer satisfaction Low cost and high service performanceUnethical decision making Enron, Daewoo, ToyotaMany cooperate harms over the past decade are payable to fraud and financial manipulation.Enron The Enron disaster is exhalent example for organizational unethical decision making. On May 25, 2006 US Huston jury found guilty the Enron CEO Mr Ken Lay and Mr Jeff Skilling for hiding financial status of the organization in 2000 and 2001 The group executives manipulate their earnings by illegal inside commerce went on to liquidation. Due to the organization failure many investors lost their coin and many employees lost their job. The group failed ascribable to unethical and illegal business decision.Daewoo Kim Woo Choong founder of Daewoo Group found guilty and convicted 10 eld in prison and forfeited US $ 22 billion. after the business failure in South Korea. The group has grown with debt-funded acquisitions. The Asian financial crisis exposed the group weakness and the total group went into bankruptcy in 1999.The following are some of the points for the failure of the organization by operating unethically.Dishonesty and manipulating the facts and hiding information.Manipulating and misleading the investorsBreaking the trust of the organizationLack of transparencyMisusing the authority and powerNeglecting duty of care of the organizationUnfairness towards investors and employeesFail to prevent wrong report within his authorityThe ethical problem to operate the business organization is not only due to financial misinterpretation and manipulation. Toyotas recent troubles have been an example of a companys failure to understand the ethics of the customer relationship. Turning a blind sum to ethical consideration can undermine the wider economy and in time, clear irreparable damage.Toyota The organization recall millions of vetches sold to customers with suspected defects as on the specif ic engineering problem on the breaking systems. The following are the some of the examples that the organizations ethical responsibility failure.Breaking the trust of the organizationNeglecting duty of care of the organizationAnything harming or endangering customersUnfairness towards customers and investors.ConclusionIn modern organization ethics play a major role in taking effective decision making. Because for the success of an organization mainly rely on ethics. This report mainly focuses on theories, models and paradigms which helped to a proper decision in an organization.In this report I explained about functionalist paradigm and radical humanist paradigm. Functionalist focus only on organizational behavior through hypothesis testing but radical humanist paradigm explained about the current approach of an organization and their impact on society. According to paradigms which are not an easy task it heavily teaches about ethics to the people.In this report I explained about et hical approach and how it controls in making an effective decision making in an organization and describing about what are the unethical approaches which rely on taking ineffective decision making.At last, to conclude my report, I would say organizations have started to focus on ethics. However, they did not lose the focus on organizational structure. Also there are many differences between paradigms in managing ethics.

What can I do to Prevent Prejudice Ness? :: essays research papers

What can I do to Pr stock-stillt impairment from Growing in my Community?There ar injustice flock in almost every confederation. Prejudice ness doesnt render to deal with just races it can differ in a material body of reasons. We cannot stop all prejudice nesses in every community, however in that respect are ways in which we can balk it from growing.My definition for prejudice is discriminating against others who you feel are inferior to yourself. Majorities of prejudice people in America are against races different from their own. They feel that because someone is Asian, African, Middle Eastern, Hispanic, or European and speak a different language than English they are less American and shouldnt be treated equally even if they were born in America or have received their citizenship.A lot of adults are also prejudice against teenagers. They think that because teenagers dress in different styles, talk in slang, and hang out in queen-size classifys that they are a bunch of delinquent criminals. For example, if there is a group of teenagers walking down a street at night and a legal philosophy officer drives by, they are automatically suspicious and watch them same(p) a hawk, especially if they are Hispanic or Black. If there was a group of adults walking down the street at night, a police officer could drive them and not even think twice.There is so much prejudice ness around us that we are first base to think virtually it as just a way of life. We as people cannot let this happen because it ordain just gradually scram worse. I can prevent prejudice from growing in my community even if it only helps a few individuals. I can prevent this by making an assortment of different posters showing whom it mainly affects and what will eventually happen in our future. I could also make speeches about being prejudice at a local school or even city hall welcoming anyone who would like to join. Eventually a group would evolve from my speeches.

Information Technology Influences on NFL, NASCAR and Other Sports Essay

discipline Technology Influences on NFL, NASCAR and Other Sports info technology has influenced sports in some(prenominal) ways. Not only has it influenced sports in North America but in like manner sports across the world. In 1988, Stan Honey, Jerry Gepner, and Bill Squadronthree former executives at newsworthiness Corp. and Fox Sportsfounded Sportvision (http//www.sportvision.com). They used their extensive technology, sports production, and broadcast experience to create an innovative company that focuses on developing technology-based enhancements for the Internet, sports television, and new media platforms (Shapiro). Sportvision has impacted sports like football, baseball, basketball, car racing, horse racing, field hockey, and a wide variety of Olympic sports. The technological extend began with a twinklinging hockey puck (Pierce). In the 1996 NHL All-Star game, the glowing hockey puck was introduced to viewers. By giving the puck a radiant glow the viewers w ere better able to follow the puck as it was passed from fraud to player and across the rink. Without this innovation of the glowing puck it was very lucky to loose track of the player carrying the puck and at times which group had possession. The idea was to give new viewers a closer glimpse of where the puck was flying and help them keep up with the game (Pierce).Information technology has also helped college and pro football squads in a occur of ways. The use of instant replay has decided the outcome of many nonrecreational football games. Without instant replay a bad call by the umpire could result in a loss for a police squad that actually should have won. Now with the ability to review a decision on the field, many bad calls are getting overturned and the team that should have... ... That way, lifelikes in the corner of the TV screen kitty raise where they are on the oval track and how far apart competitors are. And the sensors can tell them how fast the ska ters are going, what their acceleration is and how close they are to the incumbent leaders time (Horiuchi). Since the skaters switch lanes so often, a graphic of each countrys flag will be electronically inserted into the lane that corresponds with that of the racer. Sportvision also is using a system called AIRf/x during the apologise style aerials to show how far and high the skier went from the edge of the ramp (Horiuchi).In any case, it is evident that information technology is changing the way audiences across the world watch sports. From a glowing hockey puck to a real time update on just about anything at as to do with statistics, technology is affecting sporting events everywhere.